Company
Erin : 'So, is it a nod from everyone to go, I think it is !'
Erin : 'Hello Gladiator, would it be possible to see you fight, my names Erin !'
Gladiator : 'I’m Cicero, it means ‘chickpea.'
Inda : 'I can’t stop laughing ! Your so, so big, ‘chickpea’ eh !'
Cicero : Smiles and smiles ! 'Attilius, lets fight !'
Zara : 'Wow ! It’s so ferocious !'
Dafni : 'My goodness, blood is spurting my way !'
Zara : 'Yes and mine !'
Inda : 'I demand this to stop, please !'
Cicero : 'Okay, enough Attilius stop knocking 6 bells out of me !'
Inda : Belly laughs !
Lilla : 'We have got to go, thank you Gladiators, see you in Rome sometime !'
ANTIOCH, 1,100 ACRES, THE FAMOUS COLONNADED MARKET, LIT-UP FOR MORE THAN 800 YEARS, 7 DAYS A WEEK, UNTIL 3 A.M. WHERE THE SILK ROUTE ENDED 138 BCE, ON THE MEDITERRANEAN WATERS.
FOR A BETTER EXPERIENCE OF MAPS, SKETCHES ETC CLICK 'COMPANY' AT THE VERY TOP OF WEBSITE.
Incredible to think, the largest Tomb in Egypt, was not occupied by a pharaoh but, a highly literate Scholar, A Priest, A Scribe, called Padiamenope. His Tomb dated 700 BCE took 20 years to build and is Egypt's largest collection of Hieroglyphs.
2013, discovery of Wadi al Jarf, an ancient harbour, 4,500 years, (called 'The Bush' by Egyptians), on The Red Sea Coast, 50 to 70 years in the 4th Dynasty 2675–2545 BCE, it is the earliest known harbour in the world, used for importing copper from Sinai for tools for working the stones on the pyramids. Discovery of 30 Papyri scrolls.
The Seven Women of The Ancient World, Kubaba, the only Queen of The Sumerians, Queen Pu-abi, 111 period, Enheduanna, Poet, Priestess, Queen Cleopatra, Queen Zenobia, Empress Theodora, Pharaoh Hatshepsut, a thousand years after The Pyramids, Queen Hatshepsut (Hat-shep-soot) became Pharaoh, considered the most successful of all Pharaohs reigned 21 years, died 1458 BCE, mid forties. Priestesses, ruling City States, 'Ensi', Troy, Pergamum, Ephesus, Mt. Koressos, The House of Mary, Unesco World Heritage Sites, Lydia. Caravans of Camels loaded with Jewels, Spices, from Cappadocia, Persia, India, Arabia, Persian Sogdian Traders travelled and spoke the language of Sogdiana for more than 800 hundred years from Chang'an (perpetual peace), Antioch, 138 BCE. Sumerians, first Astronomers to Map the Stars into different constellations. Perhaps, 2026, discovery of the Tomb of Cleopatra, Antony, the 14 Ptolemies from Alexander the Great to Cleopatra. The river branch named ‘Ahramat’, meaning Pyramids in arabic, 39 miles long, 656-2296 feet wide, where tributaries led to the construction of 31 Pyramids, Sahara Desert. The oldest Ancient Port, 4,500 years, Wadi al Jarf, Ancient Harbour on The Red Sea. The Egyptians built 138 Pyramids after realising from The Sumerians, quadratic equation of the triangle and cube. The Ancient Near East, The Fertile Crescent, Ancient Mesopotamia : Assyrians, making Water Climb ! First Windmills, 65 feet tall ‘Asbad’ Persians ! First most accurate Clock, Egyptians ! Irrigation, the panacea of Ancient Mesopotamia, Radar Discoveries, Radiation Discoveries, Where we are just beginning to understand ! And now our understanding is radiating THE GRAND EGYPTIAN MUSEUM, the largest museum in the world, at the base of GIZA ! last, of The Seven Wonders of The Ancient World ! 120 acres, 100,000 artefacts, more than 20 years to build, 5,381,955 sq ft, the top level of the building lies level with The Pryamids of Giza, descending to The Nile Valley, The Entrance to The Grand Egyptian Museum, now officially opened, including The Children's Museum for 6-12 years, allows children to choose the way they learn best, fostering cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development.
Continuing History, Taposiris Magna, Alexandria, 43 feet under The Mediterranean Sea, Archaeologist Kathleen Martinez digs Sand from a Tunnel searching for Ptolemy, Cleopatra, permission granted to dig 6.2 miles out from the Port of Alexandria. Al-Khwarizmi, Baghdad, Algebra, Latin, ‘Algorithm’. The story of China’s First Emperor, The Terracotta Army. Confucius, tells the story of Silk. The deep water of The Nile, Sahara Desert, Radar finds, where 31 Pyramids were built. Hatshepsut, The Pharaoh of Pharaoh's. The Hanging Garden of Nineveh, King Ashurbanipal, King Sennacherib, who made Water Climb ! The 18 Gates of The Northwest Palace, year round Oasis of Flora, Irrigated by Canals, bringing in Water 50 miles from The Mountains. THE GREAT LIBRARY, British Museum, 7th Century BCE. The incredible Jerwan Aqueduct, 2 million stones, waterproof Cement, Rope, Bronze Wires, Chains, The Great Cylinders, Date Palm Tree Trunk, Over Cisterns, An Automatic Sluice Gate, which, opened by itself, Irrigating Orchards, Fields, Artificial Marsh Land, to delay the flow, filtering Water, attracting Wildlife, Plants from across the World, Botanical Gardens, Orchards, Game Parks, Lush and Exotic Gardens, with all types of Animals from around The World. Fig Trees, Pomegranate, Pear, Pine Trees, (four centuries before Archimedes, 500 years before The Romans built aqueducts). Who is George Smith ? Who is Dr. Stephanie Dalley ? What was the First most accurate Clock ? Who was the First to make Water Climb ? Who built the First Windmills ? What was the First Lighthouse, the Blazing Fire, each Night for a Thousand Years ? Khufu's pyramid is the only pyramid in perfect alignment with The North Pole in Egypt. Did Women administer Sumer ? Did Woman become the First Physicians, Doctors, Dentists ? Why was 60 implemented by The Sumerians ?
Soap, has saved more lives than Penicillin, enabling our existence, two thousand years before The Silk Route opened,138 BCE, only used by The Kings, Queens, Princesses, Pharaohs, Aristocracy, Wealthy. Sumerian Priests used them for medical benefits, recorded on Clay Tablets, Procopius, portrays Empress Theodora, as a wonton of the promiscuous sort, involving her naked body, some grain and a gaggle of intellectual trained geese. Babylonian, Trigonometric Table, 1000 years before Pythagora's Theorem. Pharos of Alexandria, the blazing inferno 393 feet, each night for a 1000 years. Archeaologist, Kathleen Martinez digs sand, 43 feet beneath The Mediterranean Sea, searching for Cleopatra. Baghdad, Mathematician, Al-khwarizmi, calculating, by completion, balancing, Algebra, still today. 500 BCE, The Romans first rolled Papyrus into little clylinders called Candalae. Ziggurats, more than a thousand years before The Pyramids. Natron, a naturally occurring Salt found in Wadi el Naturn, Desert, West of The Delta Nile, enabling Tutankhamun's enbalming. Göbekli Tepe, settlements in Groups of 40, 11,500 years. George Smith Translates Clay Tablets : The Tower of Babel, Tower of Belus. Galen of Pergamum, discovers that Urine was formed in the Kidneys and Arteries carried Blood. Darius 1, receives Gifts of Timbers from Phoenicia to Persepolis, building The Apādana Palace, Babylonians contributed with Brick Building, Egyptians, offering Ivory, Gold Building, Darius 1, 522 BCE - 486 BCE, reigned 36 years, impressive Persian Administrator, The Apādana Palace (audience Palace), East Stairway and Throne Hall 'Hundred Column Hall', one hundred years to build for 10,000 guests. Parchment, implemented by The Pergamums, Sennacherib, builds an Under Water Aqueduct at Arbela, with a shaft to the surface, at intervals, high quality Water.
9,500 BCE The Plain of Mesopotamia, Wild Wheat Grass. The Sumerian word for wheat was 'she-gib-ba' meaning 'the dark grain'. Mesopotamia, the original home of bread-making wheats.
Waldi el Naturn, west of The Delta Nile, 75 feet below sea level, 125 feet below The Nile, Natron, used as a desiccant in the Mummification process, 2500 BCE, the lost Palace, Temple of The Kings of Girsu, Bridge built of baked brick, still today, Theodora, first campaigner of Women's Rights, abolishing a law that allowed Women to be killed for committing adultery, the term Palestine was originally a designation of an area of land in southern Cannan, Philistines (sea people) 1276 BCE, the impressive Persian Administrator, Darius 1, Shahanshah, The Kings Pirradazis, first postal system of decrees, The City of Antioch, lit-up with vegetable oil filled lamps for 800 years, Trading under 1400 Roman columns, 18 feet tall and porticoes for for more than two miles (two times the size of Oxford Street), The Library of Alexandria, The Library of Celsus, Ephesus, Algorithm, latin, from the name of Al-Khwarizmi, Baghdad Mathematician, Algebra, still today, the incredible Al-khwarizmi, Mathematician, Astronomer, Geographer ! The Sine Quadrant, invented by Al-Khwarizmi, used for Astronomical calculations, solving Trigonometric issues, a prominent corner of the Moon is named after Al-Khwarizmi. The great Theatre of Ephesus, seating 25000, where Paul preached, Lysimachus, digs into the mountainside for 60 years, Genesis, the source of the four tributaries : Pishon, Gihon, Tigris, Euphrates, the Biblical land known as Ancient Mesopotamia, perhaps, The Garden of Eden.
Where Time Began : The Story of Silk, implemented by chance, The First Moisturiser of The Ancient World, Queen Zenobia, Cleopatra, Elizabeth 1, Assyrian Queens, Pharaohs, Papyrus, called tjufy by The Pharaohs where The Romans 500 BCE first rolled Papyrus into little cylinders called Candalae, The Story of The Libraries, Scrolls, Parchment, Theatres, Dams, Canals, Aqueducts and Bronze Water Raising Screw, sent water 50 miles from the mountains into the heavenly gardens of Nineveh, date palm tree is an early reference to the Archimedes Screw, as the trunk of a date palm often grows with spirally protrusions similar in shape to an Archimedes Screw, Assyrians, four centuries before Archimedes, Sennacherib (grandfather) : First Hydraulic Engineer of The Ancient World, 500 years before The Romans built Aqueducts, Ashurbanipal (grandson), The Hanging Garden of Nineveh, not Babylon, Antioch, where the word Christianity began, implemented by Peter, Paul. First : Sumerians, oil in soap. First : Antiseptics, Antibacterial, Anti-itching, Anti-inflammatory. First : Sumerian Priests Used these Soaps for medical benefits, Clay Tablets.
THE FIRST FULL STOP, THE STORY OF PUNCTUATION : Aristophanes of Byzantium 257-180 BCE, Grammarian, he became librarian of the Museum, Library at Alexandria 200 BCE, credited with the invention of the critical signs, marks of quantity, accents, breathings, breath pauses, still employed in Greek texts, the beginnings of the Greek system of punctuation :
A high dot (˙), called the stigmḕ teleía (terminal dot), marked the end of a completed thought or expression, corresponding roughly to the modern full stop (period).
A middle dot (·), the stigmḕ mésē, indicated a pause for a longer breath (a semicolon or colon).
A low dot (.), the hypostigmḕ, indicated a shorter breath (a comma).
Writers agreed in the 15th century, enough was enough, no more changes.
Temple of Artemis, Ephesus 550 BCE, built by Croesus, King of Lydia, rebuilt, after being burned down by the madness of Herostratus 356 BCE and others, 150 feet wide, 300 feet long, 127 Ionic columns, the whole of the building was constructed in marble. The Statue of Artemis which, was removed during a fire, is exhibited at The Ephesus Museum, 1869 Archaeologist, John Turtle Wood on behalf of The British Museum discovered 20 feet under sand the remains of The Temple of Artemis, excavations continued until 1874 sending precious sculptures and archaeological items to The British Museum. Considered number one, Seven Wonders of The Ancient World. 1904-1905 David George Hogarth on behalf of The British Museum excavated with success, finding the foundations of The Artemision. The chronology of construction was now established, the remains of The Temple were transported to The British Museum.
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus a tomb built 353 - 350 BCE located at Halicarnassus, Lydia, two hours drive from Ephesus. The Tomb was built for Mausolus, the ruler of Halicarnassus and his wife. The Mausoleum, 148 ft high, marbled four sides, richly adorned with sculptural reliefs. One of The Seven Wonders of The Ancient World.
Unesco World Heritage Sites, Lydia
Ancient Mesopotamia : THE UNTOLD STORY, THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST, MORE UNTOLD THAN WE THOUGHT, 40 centuries of soapmaking, still making history, still today, please scroll down. A biblical presence of the world’s first Olive oil, Pistachio oil, Laurel Berry oil and Almond oil soaps traded on The Silk Route, 2nd century BCE -14th century CE (when the Ottoman Empire boycotted trade with the west and closed the route), all other Routes on The Silk Route stayed open for Trading until the 16th century, continuing where the first sophisticated civilisation of the world started, WHERE TIME BEGAN. Ancient Mesopotamia's collection of these imported cultural soaps are skilfully made by hand, hand-cut, dried stored for months reducing moisture content making the soap hard and long lasting with the original ingredients unchanged for 40 centuries, remarkably today, still being handmade from the same historical areas, as the Soapmakers continue making history. The Silk Route, The Soapmakers, all from the area of Ancient Mesopotamia, The Fertile Crescent. Antiochia, Queen Zenobia's preference. Aleppo, laurel berries received daily from Antioch for 300 years, favoured by Queen Cleopatra and Queen Zenobia. Mardin : The Persians, Assyrians and Romans allowed the Soaps to travel (the abundance of Pistachios and Pistachios with kernel of the apricot favoured by Assyrian Queens and Princesses for their hair), Almond, Aristocracy, Romans and Greeks preference at Antioch. The profusion of olive tree plantations at Antioch in the 4th Century CE and 5th Century CE. Nablus Soapmakers began in the 7th Century CE, the families increased through popularity, from the 10th Century the first pressed olive oil was made from the finest ancient olive groves in the world (five thousand years old, still today) Nablus, Palestine, The Fertile Crescent (the preference of Elizabeth 1). 40 centuries of soapmaking, used by The Emperors, Kings, Queens, Princesses, Pharaohs and the wealthy, two thousand years before The Silk Route opened, centuries later, still handmade today.
Pliny the Elder, friend of Emperor Vespasian, known for his writings 77 CE 'Naturalis Historia', other writings advising on woman's cosmetics : asse's milk removes wrinkles, butter mixed with white lead useful against acne and cows placenta recommended for removal of facial ulcers and he describes soap as 'An invention of The Gauls for giving a reddish tint to the hair' (made of tallow, ash). Whilst in Antioch he observes laurel berries were being loaded onto donkeys daily for the constant journey to Aleppo but, he never completed the question 'why'. Oil in Soap was an incredible expensive luxury and historians have never paid any attention to it and clearly only referred to the oil and strigil, the mystery of why oil in soaps never went to Rome ( The Romans omitted the history of The Sumerians discovery of Oil in Soap, Sumerian Priests used oil in soap for medical benefits, written on clay tablets and The Romans chose to ignore, as they could not afford these Moisturisers themselves ). The continuing Untold Story of Oil in Soap for 40 centuries, has saved more lives than penicillin, the greatest medical discovery in human history, still today. Sumerians : The concept of Time. Sumerians : Oil in Soap.
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA : continuing the ethical and sustainable ethos, the culture and spirit of the first Soapmakers of the world remarkably, 40 centuries later, still handmade today from the original historical areas whilst supporting their families.
SOAP : the greatest medical discovery in human history, cleans away something you cannot see, soap does not attract germs, water does. UNICEF : doctors wash their hands half as frequently as they should, if every cook used soap it would cut the world’s rate of respiratory infections by 25%. Soap has saved the live of a healthy person oblivious to the bullet they have dodged, has saved more lives than penicillin, enabling our existence, doesn't just make cities healthier, it makes them possible, enabling our existence.
Susa - Sardes : 1,677 miles, 111 stations (caravanserai) on the heavily guarded Persian Royal Road.
Mardin : Pistachio, Laurel Berry Oil : Olive Oil, Laurel Berry.
Mardin suffered tremors and aftershocks but, City is safe 6th February 2023, 7.8 Mw.
MARDIN : located on The Silk Route, The Persian Royal Road, the oldest City in Upper Mesopotamia, Göbekli Tepe, Unesco World Heritage Site, where humans have existed for 11,500 years, 115 centuries, the first farming communities of the world, Upper Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia. Mardin, the open museum, Unesco Tentative Listing, 4500 BCE with the most preserved architecture in the world, where The Persians, Assyrians and Romans allowed the Soaps to travel. The ochre sunset of Mardin, where olive oil, pistachio oil, travelled on The Persian Royal Road, where Persian Sogdian Traders travelled on The Silk Route and spoke the language of Sogdiana for hundreds of years from Chang'an (Han Dynasty), Samarkand to Antioch (The Roman Empire), the preference of King Charles 111. The Province of Mardin, Dara, three miles from the Persian border of Nisibis, founded in 505 CE. EMPEROR ANASTASIUS builds a city, where masons were summoned to build the last Roman Fortress 114 feet tall : great storehouses, palaces, churches, bazaar, houses, reservoir, water channels and graves of the Roman warriors wrapped around a two and a half mile wall 'Anastasiopolis'.
EMPEROR JUSTINIAN 1st 527-565 CE rebuilds and strengthens the last Roman Fortress, Wife Theodora, exceptionally beautiful, intelligent, Empress, ruled with Justinian 1st for 21 years, a woman from a poor background. Theodora had grown up among the working classes of Constantinople (330 CE the new Capital of The Roman Empire, lasting 12 centuries) previously, Ancient Greek City of Byzantium, four times the size of Byzantium, built on seven hills, just like old Rome), she was a child of the circus who became Constantinople's best known actress. Theodora loved the male, female baths and frequented them often, early in the morning and leaving late. The mixed baths (where olive oil and alkali (ash) was used) ended in the 8th century CE. Procopius, Writer, Greek Scholar, Principal Byzantium Historian of the 6th century CE portrayed Theodora as a wanton of the most promiscuous sort, sighting a stage act that the future Empress was said to have performed involving her naked body, some grain and a gaggle of trained geese. Justinian 1st passed a law allowing intermarriage between social classes, his marriage to Theodora caused a scandal but, she became one of the most influential women of the Ancient World. Hagia Sophia : Commissioned by Emperor Justinian 1, the construction began in 532 CE using Pendentive Byzantium Architecture allowing a circular dome to be supported on a square base it was completed as a Christian Cathedral in 537 CE. Justinian wanted to restore Rome to its ancient glory. Plague 541 CE, 50 per cent of the population died, conflict with Sassanids, Goths. However, legendary General Belisarius had recaptured lawlessness 534 CE in Africa, giving access to African grain, gold flowed again into the Imperial Treasury. Procopius recorded 10000 people a day were now dying from the plague. Two christian Nestorian Monks from the east persuaded Justinian that Silk could be made in Greece. They journeyed back to the east and hid Silkworm Eggs in bamboo staves packed with straw to keep them dormant, upon returning to Constantinople, the eggs were hatched. However, China still produced the high end quality silk, a class distinction. The earthquake of earthquakes 526 CE Antioch, Theodora ensured the fine Church of St. Michael and The Basilica of Asterius were rebuilt despatching marble columns from Constantinople (first campaigner of women's rights), she worked for the rights of prostitutes, closing brothels, safe houses, forced prostitution, changed the law on divorce, abolished a law that allowed women to be killed for committing adultery. Mardin Soap : two thousand years before The Silk Route opened, 40 centuries of soapmaking, still handmade today remarkably, from the same historical area.
ALEPPO : BEST FOR SUN EXPOSURE, BEST SUN BARRIER, BEST MOISTURISER !
ALEPPO, 64 BCE a Roman Province : Soapmakers continue making history two thousand years before The Silk Route opened remarkably, still being handmade today in ALEPPO, on the Silk Route, where laurel berries were received daily from Antioch for 300 years. Aleppo, the preference of Queen Cleopatra and Queen Zenobia. The mixture of olive oil, water and lye; underground fires begins the process heating the oil for 3 days for the oil to react with the lye and water, creating a thickness thereafter, adding laurel berry oil. Pouring the mixture over a sheet of waxed paper awaiting ageing, chemical changes for the cutter's hand and stamped seal. Reactions with the air gently turning the soap gold on the outside and mystical emerald green on the inside, reducing moisture content making the soap hard and long lasting. The Aleppo Soapmakers : still handmade today in Aleppo on The Silk Route, 40 centuries of soapmaking, continuing making history, Aleppo : Unesco World Heritage Site, once ruled by Hittites, Assyrians, Akkadians, today, continuing to stay on the 'The List of World Heritage in Danger'.
East Anatolian Fault : Aleppo, completely destroyed 6th February 2023, 7.8 Mw. However, Aleppo Soapmakers continue making history.
East Anatolian Fault : 11th October 1138 CE, Aleppo earthquake, 200,000 lost their lives.
East Anatolian Fault : Museum Hotel (Antioch), one of the few buildings standing 30,000 objects, largest Roman Empire floor mosaic and all other objects safe, 27 feet underground, Hotel above safe, 6th February 2023,7.8 Mw. The Museum's Director rushed to The Museum with all Staff, Restorers and Staff from all other Museums in Turkey helping to collect all moveable objects. The only damage, cracks in ceiling plaster, now being replaced. Update : further checking of Bolts is being monitored on the building and is on going ! Update : 53,725 died, 107,000 injured in the earthquake at Antioch. A small portion of the City's population have now been re-housed, while other Families wait, living in temporary container homes. The Museum Hotel survived and all artifacts intact (27 feet below ground level, including Roman Road) and is open continuing the History of Antioch. The Colonnaded Street has been cleared and slowly, but surely, life is returning. The Colonnaded Street is being fully restored with EU assistance. The most important historical area of Antioch.
ANTIOCH, 64 BCE a Roman Province : the third largest City of The Roman Empire, after Alexandria and Rome on The Silk Route, 1,100 acres, the only Roman City illuminated at night for hundreds of years. Third century CE, The Imperial Palace residence of Queen Zenobia (Antiochia, the preference of Queen Zenobia, just a short walk from the Soapmakers), Queen of Palmyra Empire, Queen of Syria, Queen of Egypt, ruler of one third of The Roman Empire (6 years, loved by her people). Libanius, Antioch's celebrated Orator, born Antioch 314 CE, a Greek teacher of rhetoric of the Sophist School who tells the story of the City being illuminated each night 'People of Antioch were sleeping on the roofs at night where the summer breeze would gently stir the garments of the sleepers,' favoured by The Emperors, the centre of literature, the romantic magnet for scholars, writers, philosophers, the marriage of Antony and Cleopatra 37 BCE, (Aleppo, the preference of Queen Cleopatra, where Antony establishes Antioch as his Headquarters), (The preference of the Aristocracy in the Antioch Market, Greeks and Romans purchasing Almond ), the park of woods at Daphne (Daphne : ancient Greek meaning laurel, spoken in Ancient Antioch), known for its plethora of thickly planted mulberry bushes, groves of cypresses and laurels forming a dramatic continuous roof, the carpet of rose groves interspersed with streams five miles from Antioch leading down to the Mediterranean waters. Antiochia Soap : two thousand years before The Silk Route opened, 40 centuries of soapmaking, still handmade today remarkably, from the same historical area.
Incredible Princeton University, led by Professor George W. Elderkin 1932-1939, as lead University, excavating 'Antioch', 'Daphne', Three hundred storage boxes, trays, coins, numismatic collection, Firestone Library. Princeton University 'Antioch' website. Princeton University Art Museum.
1. Who implemented 60 seconds, 60 minutes ? Babylonians
2. What were the first Sumer Temples called ? Ziggurats
3. Name the only Queen of The Sumerians ? Queen Kubaba
4. Al-Khwarizmi wrote abstract papers on Algebra but, his name is on moon maps because ?
The Sine Quadrant, invented by Al-Khwarizmi, used for Astronomical calculations, solving trigonometric issues. A prominent corner of the moon is named after Al-Khwarizmi (a Lunar impact Crater located on the far side of The Moon). And of course, Al-Khwarizmi, latin, 'Algorithm', Algebra, two books, On calculations with Hindu Numerals, Compendious book.
5. How long was the Silk Route, Chang'an - Antioch ? 4025 miles
6. Who was the first to invent Windmills ? Persia
7. What was Barley Beer sweetened with ? Date Palm Syrup
8. Who was the first Hydraulic Engineer to make Water Climb ? King Sennacherib
9. Who implemented the first Postal System ? Darius 1
10. Who was the most successful Pharaoh ? Hatshepsut
11. What was the first, accurate clock ? The Clepsydra Water Clock, 1450-1380 BCE, found at Karnak Temple 1904 Egyptian, most accurate timekeeper, an Alabaster Vessel, Cairo Museum
12. Who implemented Longitude, Latitude ? Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, John Harrison
13. Name the first Lighthouse of the world ? Pharos of Alexandria
14. How many years to learn Cuneiform ? 12 Years
15. How many years to learn Hieroglyphics ? 4 Years
16. Name the only Roman Empire City that was lit-up, each night, for more than 800 years ? Antioch
17. The modern name of Nablus 72 CE, is a corruption of which City ? Neapolis
18. What was the name of the largest Library of The Ancient World ? The Alexandria Museum, The Research Institute Library, housed in The Mouseion.
19. What does the word Pharaoh mean ? 'The Great House' the Palace where The Pharaoh resides
20. Who taught Alexander the Systematic Disciplines ? Aristotle
21. What date did the Sumerians discover pure oil in Soap ? 2,200 BCE
22. Name the expert on Ancient Mesopotamia who translated Clay Tablets for The British Museum ? George Smith
23. Sumerians were the clever clogs but, what was their success ? Irrigation
24. Who was the best Administrator of The Ancient World ? Darius 1
25. Name the longest Hand Made dug Tunnel in The Ancient World ? Vespasianus- Titus Tunnel
26. What date did The Chinese open The Silk Route ? 138 BCE
27. What date did Rome begin to receive Silk ? 1st Century BCE
28. Name the First Emperor of China who united all provinces ? Qin Shi Huandgui
29. Who spent 60 years digging into the mountainside, The Great Theatre of Ephesus ? Lysimachus
30. What stimulates the Limbic System, Memory, Emotion ? Serotonin, Dopamine
31. Peter digs the First Church at Antioch. What was the Mountain called ? Mt. Staruin
32. What was the Desiccant in the Mummification process ? Natron
33. The Romans enjoyed their Theatres in The Ancient World, name six ? Antioch, Aspendos, Bosra, Neapolis, Palmyra, Ephesus
34. Name Three Libraries of The Ancient World ? Library of Pergamum, Celsus Library Ephesus, The Alexandria Museum, The Research Institute Library
35. Who in the Ancient world discovered Urine was formed in the kidney, as opposed to the bladder and Arteries carried blood, not air, as had been taught for 400 years ? Galen
36. The Ancient World : Who wrote 3 poems and 42 Temple Hymns ? Enheduanna, daughter of Sargon, Akkadian Empire
37. What was the name of The Palace in the middle of Ancient Mesopotamia ? The North West Palace
38. The eighth gate to the inner city, what does this refer to ? Entrance Gate to The Ishtar Gate
39. The 18 gates of the Ancient World, what does this refer to ? The North West Palace
40. Who invented the Sundial and what date ? Egyptians,1500 BCE
41. What Ancient World library is the most complete in The British Museum ? Library of The North West Palace
42. Brutal ruler, who united Ancient China, laying the foundations, The Great Wall ? Qin Shi Huangdi
43. Gobekli Tepe, 6,000 years before Stonehenge, 7,000 before Pyramids, timeline ? 11,500 years,115 Centuries
44. Name the place they are digging for Cleopatra in Alexandria ? Taposiris Magna, Tunnel, 43 feet under The Mediterranean Sea
45. The word ‘Ensi’ was used in Sumer to describe what ? Designated Ruler (women) of a City State
46. The Stele 282 laws, a vertical diorite stone monument, which museum presents this ? Musée du Louvre
47. Alexander always carried his favourite poem on all his campaigns, which poem ? Homer's lliad
48. Where did Alexander die ? Summer House, of Nebuchadnezzar
49. How many Pyramids were built in Egypt ? 138
50. How many Ziggurats were built by Sumerians ? OVER 25
51. Genesis : the source of the four tributaries Pishon, name the further three ? Gihon, Tigris, Euphrates
52. Which is the longest Tigris, or Euphrates ? Euphrates
53. What was the date The Sumerians discovered pure oil in Soaps ? 2,200 BCE
54. Babylonians Trigonometric Table housed in which University in New York ? Columbia
55. What was the name of the Assyriologist, Oxford University, who produced the evidence that The Hanging Garden Classical Account was inaccurate ? Dr. Stephanie Dalley
56. Alexandria displayed an enormous fire each night for a thousand years. Name the site and place ? Alexandria Port, Pharos of Alexandria, first Lighthouse of the Ancient World
57. Date The Silk Route opened Chang-an-Antioch ? 138 BCE
58. Still today, the oldest what ? The lost palace, The Kings of Girsu ? Oldest Bridge in the Ancient World, still today
59. What was the name of Elizabeth 1 very expensive Soap ? Nablus, from olive groves of 5000 years, first pressed, still today
60. There are 4 Unesco World Heritage Sites in Lydia, name them ? Troy, Pergamum, Ephesus, The House of Mary
61. Queen Zenobia ruled 3 countries, name them, while she lived at The Imperial Palace for 6 years ? Palmyra ( Syrian desert), Syria, Egypt
62. Gobekli Tepe, Mardin is located in which area of Ancient Mesopotamia ? Upper Mesopotamia
63. Robert Ballard Ph.D. discoverer of Titanic was invited to map The Ancient Port of which Egyptian province ? The Ancient Port of Alexandria (which is now submerged)
64. There were 7 wonders of The Ancient World but, one was dropped from the List, name it and what replaced it ? Ishtar Gate replaced by Pharos of Alexandria Lighthouse
65. Socrates taught Plato, Plato taught Aristotle, Aristotle taught Alexander, the group of subjects were called what ? The Systematic Disciplines
66. What was the language spoken in Antioch ? Latin & Greek
67. Egyptologists believe that all 14 Ptolemies from Alexander to Cleopatra are buried Where ? The Ancient Port of Alexandria, now submerged
68. Howard Carter 1922, Tutankhamun’s Tomb, the Pharaoh’s curse, 22 people died, what did they die of ? Radiation
69. Philistines arrive 1276 BCE in the area known as Canaan on The Mediterranean Sea, this was confirmed and recorded at Ebla and Mari. What date was this ? 1800 BCE
70. The heavily guarded Persian Royal Road, 1,677 miles, 111 caravanserai was between two Cities, name them ? Susa (old capital of Persia), Sardis, Wealthy City (old Empire of Lydia)
71. Who were the main carriers of goods on The Silk Route for 800 years ? The Sogdian Traders from Sogdiana, north east Persia, who spoke the language of Sogdiana
72. After Emperor Trajan who was the next Roman Emperor, leaving Antioch for Rome a year later ? Hadrian
73. Silk was discovered 2640 BCE by Emperor Hwangte’s Empress (wrong). What colours (class distinction) did the Emperor wear during the day and evening ? Yellow Silk at night, White Silk during the day. However, in 2640 BCE, there was no Chinese Emperor. Silk is very well documented by archaeologists dating 5000 years ago, Yellow River, where sericulture conquered the Mandarina Moth.
74. The Terracotta Army : The enemies came in, the warriors still remain in their original positions, from which direction ? East
75. Phoenicians invented the Alphabet in the 2nd century BCE but, they were known to be the best What ? The Finest Shipbuilders of The Ancient World
76. Nineveh Medical Encyclopaedia, a 2600 year old text, 50 clay tablets,10,000 lines of text.The Wellcome Trust are paying for its full translation from Cuneiform into English, working with which Museum ? The British Museum
77. Antioch, the first Christians, the followers of Jesus, assisted by Peter,Paul. They both suffered martyrdom under which Roman Emperor ? Emperor Nero
78. The Alexandrian Museum, The Research Institute, Library, Museum, 247 BCE. How many scrolls did it house ? 400,000 scrolls
79. Which Pharaoh was killed by a Hippopotamus ? Pharaoh Narmer also called Menes
80. Which Museum houses a 7 ton sarcophagus, lid of Ramesses 111 ? Fitzwilliam, Cambridge
81. First hand shaking recorded 9 century BCE between which two powers ?Assyrian King Shalmaneser sealing an alliance with Babylonian ruler
82. Rome was built on seven hills name two ? Esquiline, Palatine, Aventine, Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Caelian
83. Roman Empire ended, what date ? 476 CE
84. Byzantine Empire, Roman Empire ended, what date ? 1453 CE
85. A Roman road, Roman Mosaics, a warm and cold room can be seen today but, where in Antioch, 27 feet underground, perfectly preserved ? Mt. Silpius, Antioch
86. 6th century BCE first circular Map, Babylonians ‘Bitter River' can be seen today at which Museum ? British Museum
87. Which Chinese Emperor gave permission to open The Silk Route ? Emperor Wu-di
88. Etemenanki, Ziggurat also know as The Tower of Belus, Tower of Babel, clay tablets were translated by who ? George Smith
89. Alexander the Great ’s father was Philip 11, his unlooted tomb is a Unesco World Heritage Site, name the place ? Aigai (A-Guy)
90. Babylonian King Hammurabi built Entemenanki, 17 million fired bricks, how tall was the Temple ? 298 feet
91. Nebuchadnezzer 11 took how many years restoring Etemenanki ? 43 years
92. What percentage of Babylon still remains unexcavated ? 85%
93. What percentage of UR still remains unexcavated ? 70%
94. The Royal Court had Women Physicians, Dentists, name date ? 2500 BCE
95. Hadrian built a Theatre in The Fertile Crescent with a capacity of 7,000, name the place ? Nablus
96. Temple of Artemis which, Museum can you see the remains ? The British Museum
97. Who stole Silk Worm Eggs from China ? Nestorian Monks
98. Who was the first women’s campaigner in The Ancient World ? Empress Theodora
99. Who quoted ‘ Overwhelmingly opulent, the walls so broad, chariots could race around them’ ? Herodotus
100. Who quoted ‘ People of Antioch were sleeping on the roofs at night, where the summer breeze would gently stir the garments of the sleepers’ ? Libanius
OH ! JUST ONE MORE !
The Seven Wonders, Women, of The Ancient World :
________
Kubaba, only Queen of The Sumerians.
Queen Pu-abi Ur, 111 period.
Poet, Priestess, Enheduanna.
Queen Cleopatra.
Queen Zenobia, 3rd Century CE.
Theodora, Empress, 497 AD - 28th June 548 CE.
Pharaoh Hatshepsut.
And of course, Priestesses ruled City States as ‘Ensi’ designated ruler of city states, Sumer.
Continuing the enrichment of History : The Grand Egyptian Museum, Musée du Louvre, The British Museum, Met Museum.
East Anatolian Fault : December 13th, 115 CE 260,000 lives lost, Antioch. Emperor Trajan had just returned to the City and escaped to the Hippodrome, Circus. He built a new aqueduct under 4 miles to replenish water for the City which, was completed by Hadrian.
East Anatolian Fault : 29th March, 526 CE 250,000 lives lost followed by 18 months of aftershocks. Emperor Justinian 1st, Empress Theodora : The earthquake of earthquakes Antioch, Theodora ensured the fine Church of St. Michael and The Basilica of Asterius were rebuilt dispatching marble columns from Constantinople.
NABLUS, PALESTINE 63 BCE a Roman Province : the world's most ancient olive groves, a Unesco World Heritage Site, Central Highland area of Nablus, Battir to Hebron, seven natural springs, The Roman Empire (10th legion) channels and pools irrigate, centuries later, still worked today, continuing making history. Nablus Soapmakers began in the 7th Century CE, the families increased through popularity, from the 10th Century the first pressed olive oil was made from the finest ancient olive groves in the world ( five thousand years old, still today). Local lime, ash (ashes of the Barilla plant from the salty banks of the River Jordan, soda making qualities of Barilla seaweed ) are pounded into a powder, the pure olive oil soap mixture is gently heated and continuously stirred over many days in copper vats, then spread out to set, soaked in red vegetable pigment, a grid of woollen threads leaves its imprint, as the process of lines are established for the cutter's hand, whilst the stamped seal of the two crossed keys completes the process; Nablus Palestine,The Fertile Crescent (the preference of Elizabeth 1) and popular with Jordanian Families, Nablus Soap, remarkably, from the same historical area since the 10th century.
PALESTINE in the ancient world was part of the region known as Canaan where the Kingdoms of Israel and Judaea were located. The term `Palestine’ was originally a designation of an area of land in southern Canaan the people were known as Philistines (sea people). The Philistines are thought to have come to the area towards the end of the Bronze age c. 1276 BCE and established themselves on the southern coastal plain of the Mediterranean Sea in an area afterwards known as Philistia. The whole of the region was referred to as ‘Canaan' in Mesopotamian texts and trade records found at Ebla and Mari as early as the 1800 BCE while the term ‘Palestine' does not appear in any written records until 430 BCE in the Histories of Herodotus. Later, the term ‘Palestine' came to be used for the entire region which was formerly known as Canaan.
Neapolis of Samaria, Flavia Neapolis, 'Nablus', The New City, 72 CE, Emperor Vespasian. From olive groves, 5000 years, still today.
ANTIOCHIA, ALEPPO, Laurel Berry oil (not seen in the West) with the perfect percentage of Olive oil. Antiochia, Aleppo both assist gardeners, eczema, dermatitis, rosacea, psoriasis. Both natural moisturisers, antiseptic, anti-itching, antibacterial, anti-fungal, assisting problematic skin, calming sensitive skin, leaving skin soft, nourished and silky. Ancient Mesopotamia products contain no perfumes, artificial colours or, preservatives, 100% biodegradable and not tested on animals. Ancient Mesopotamia imports the collection of soaps traded on The Silk Route directly from the Soapmakers, 40 centuries of soapmaking, still handmade today, remarkably, from the same historical area.
SOAP : IT CLEANS AWAY SOMETHING YOU CANNOT SEE !
PASARGADAE, 6th Century BCE, Achaemenid, First Persian Empire, Cyrus 11 the Great, classic Persian art, architecture, Palaces, gardens, the tomb of Cyrus the Great, the four gardens, Unesco World Heritage Site. Cyrus used Babylonian Priests to text 'Cyrus the Cylinder', British Museum. The successful King of King's of The Persian Empire. The vast Empire, Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, Hindus River, India. First : respect for cultural, diversity of Peoples. The Cylinder : excavated Babylon 1879, it records how Cyrus restored Shrines and allowed deported Peoples to return home, The Ancient Near East 550-331 BCE. And still today, The Persian 9 Gardens, all Unesco World Heritage Sites, which, includes the first Garden at Pasargadae, all 8 further Gardens are throughout Persia. The Persian Garden materialises the concept of Eden or Paradise on Earth.
The Apādana Palace
Darius 1, 522 BCE - 486 BCE, reigned 36 years, impressive Persian Administrator, The Apādana Palace (audience Palace), East Stairway and Throne Hall 'Hundred Column Hall' (built later by Son Xerxes 1), founded by Darius I in 518 BCE Persepolis, the capital of the Achaemenid Empire, Persepolis, Greek, 'The City of The Persian's'. The Central Hall could accommodate 10,000 guests and took a hundred years to complete. King of Kings : son Xerxes I title, Shahanshah, King of Kings (486-465 BCE), and grandson Artaxerxes I (465-424 BCE), Unesco World Heritage Site. Darius invites Egyptians to do Ivory and Gold building at the Palace, Babylonians for Brick building, Timbers journey from Phoenicia.
It can be traced back to Darius 1, Shushtar, Historical Hydraulic System, Khuzestan province, a complex of tunnels, canals, dams and structures which consists of 13 sites which, work together as a hydraulic system, designed to manage water from the Karun River for urban supply, farming, powering watermills, assisted by Elamites, Mesopotamians, Nabataean expertise, Roman building influence. Completed 3rd Century CE, Sassanians, ancient engineering that transformed a desert, 40,000 ha. region into a fertile area, still today, Unesco World Heritage Site. The last time Persians really felt Persian !
Gifts, Shahanshah, King of Kings Darius I 518 BCE Persepolis, the capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
Rams, gifts for The King of Kings, Apādana Palace, Persepolis (The City of The Persians), East Stairway.
However, The Winter Palace at Susa was adorned with compliments by craftsmen : foundations, baked bricks, Cedar Timbers, Pheonicia, the delivering of Timbers to Babylon, then The Carians, Ionians (Greeks) moved them to Susa. Yaka Timber from Gandara, Carmania, Gold from Bactria, Sardis, precious stone Lapis Lazuli, Carnelian from Sogdiana, stone Turquoise from Chorasimia, Silver, Ebony from Egypt, Ivory from Ethiopia, Arachosia. Stone Cutter craftsmen, from Sardinia, Ionia, Goldsmiths from Medes, Egypt, Wood-Cutters, Sardinian, Egyptian. December, 330 BCE, Alexander the Great seized 40,000 talents of Gold, Silver from The Treasury at Susa Palace. Because of the dry climate Persians invent Qanats, underground tunnels bringing water from the mountains, Asbad (Windmill) 65 feet tall, 644 CE, a thousand years, south east Persia, Sistan, Baluchistan Provence, still seen today in Nashtifan, built of clay, wood, straw, horizontal drag force, moving turbines, turning the central mast, 120 day winds, Nish Toofan (storm's sting), grinding stones in a room below pressing grain into flour, even refrigeration, rudimentary air conditioning.
FIRST POSTAL SYSTEM OF THE WORLD
Delivering messages, system of Governors, Satraps, circulating royal decrees, written in ink with the language of Aramaic on animal skin, sealed messages. Susa (ancient capital of Persia) - Sardes (Important, wealthy City of The Near East, old Empire of Lydia), Darius 1, 522-486 BCE, Horses from The Royal Stables, The Kings pirradaziš (horse changing), Angareion (horse posting), Angarium (riders), in relays 24 hours each 1,677 miles, 111 stations (caravanserai) on the heavily guarded Persian Royal Road, much later, the riders were known as Chapar's (Turkish), for others who travelled on these routes the penalty was death, 7-9 days or, 3 months on foot. Incredibly, Cyrus 11 had worked out how long a horse could travel, 24 hours. First postal system of the world.
DARIUS 1 allows The Soapmakers to travel on The Persian Royal Road. The Parthians from Persia (247BCE-224CE) allowed silk to travel through their Empire trading ostrich eggs for silk, building caravanserai along The Silk Route ensuring daily riches which, was repeated by The Kushans making The Silk Route safe to travel. Later, Persian Sogdian Traders, 2nd Century BCE, travelled on The Silk Route for more than 800 years.
WHERE DID THE WORD ALGORITHM COME FROM ?
Al-Khwarizmi : Born 780 CE, Baghdad, Died 850 CE.
800 CE, Caliph Harun al-Rashid founded The House of Wisdom, a library in which writings from other cultures were translated into Arabic. Baghdad became a centre for science, trade. Among its scholars was Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi, born Baghdad, author of two of history's great mathematical bestsellers. Muslim, Jewish, Christian scholars were allowed to study there.
'On Calculation with Hindu Numerals' a maths book written at the behest of al-Rashid's son and successor al-Ma'mun. Its translation awoke Mediaeval Europe into using arithmetic with just ten number symbols. In latin, his name became 'Algoritmi', his systematic calculating called 'Algorisms' later, 'Algorithms'.
His second masterpiece, al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala - The Compendious Book, calculation by Completion and Balancing. Al-jabr, latinised to 'Algebra'. 830 CE, solving each type of equation, quadratic formula, a numerical example, proof for each example, which is a geometrical, completing the square, calculation by completion and balancing, he created an abstract mathematical language used across The World, still today. Al-Khwarizmi did not use Symbols, he manipulated algebraic expressions in their own right, rather than thinking of the numbers they represent. Etymologically, the word 'Algorithm' is a combination of the word 'Algorismus' named after Al-Khwarizmi and the Greek word 'Arithmos', meaning number. Algebra, a theory of equations, solved by means of radicals and of Algebraic calculations, on related expressions.
Quotation by Al-Khwarizmi :
However, the incredible Al-Khwarizmi, Mathematician, Astronomer, Geographer ! The Sine Quadrant, invented by Al-Khwarizmi, used for Astronomical calculations, solving trigonometric issues. A prominent corner of the moon is named after Al-Khwarizmi (a Lunar impact Crater located on the far side of The Moon). He updated, revised, Ptolemy's books on Cartography, Geography.
JOHN HARRISON'S H4 MARINE CHRONOMETER, COMPLETED 1759, SIGNED BY JOHN HARRISON & SON !
WHO IMPLEMENTED LATITUDE, LONGITUDE ?
Three men ignited the challenge, Latitude, Longitude :
Eratosthenes, 276-194 BCE proposed a system of Latitude, Longitude, implementing a map of the world showing grid lines. He was Chief Librarian of The Library of Alexandria. Famous for measuring the Earths Circumference and Prime Numbers (whole numbers that can only be divided by themselves or, by the number 1). First to identify that the earth rotated around the sun, 1,800 years before Copernicus, the first to calculate the tilt of the Earth’s axis. Mathematics, Geography, Astronomy, Poetry, a Greek Polymath.
Hipparchus, a Greek astronomer (190–120 BCE), was the first to specify location using latitude and longitude as co-ordinates. He proposed a zero meridian passing through Rhodes. He further suggested that absolute time be determined by observing lunar eclipses, measuring the time when a lunar eclipse started and finished and finding the difference between this absolute time and local time, considered to be the founder of Trigonometry, however, Trigonometry, the study of the lengths and angles of triangles, 3700-year-old clay tablet suggests that Babylonian mathematicians not only developed the first trigonometric table, but that they also figured out an entirely new way to look at the subject, The cuneiform inscriptions on Plimpton 322 suggest the Babylonians used a form of trigonometry based on the ratios of the sides of a triangle, rather than the more familiar angles, sines, cosines. Hipparchus is considered the greatest ancient astronomical observer, discovering size and motion of the sun, size and orbit of the moon. However, Latitude, Longitude required a clock, something yet to be invented.
John Harrison, a carpenter, self-taught in clock making, after 19 years trying to meet the standard of The Longitude Act and cash prize from the Government, eventually produced his marine chronometer, H4, a spring-driven clock that could measure longitude to within the half-degree. On a voyage from England to Jamaica in 1761–62, undertaken by Harrison's son William, H4 lost just five seconds over an 81 day voyage at sea. It was now possible for a navigator to determine local time by measuring high noon, and compare this to the absolute time, which had been set on an accurate chronometer at the start of the voyage. With this information, Harrison could then determine the number of degrees of longitude. At long last, after 2000 years, both latitude and longitude could now be determined accurately.
FOR A BETTER EXPERIENCE OF MAPS, SKETCHES, PHOTOGRAPHS ETC CLICK 'COMPANY' AT THE VERY TOP OF WEBSITE.
ASHURBANIPAL, the last King of Assyria, 7th century BCE (Assyrian Empire 1365-609 BCE, 756 years), he reigned 39 years, The North West Palace, Nineveh, Upper Mesopotamia; where he establishes the great library, until the Babylonians sacked the City and Palace in a rebellion 612 BCE resulting in The Palace being burnt down. Ashurbanipal’s library was buried beneath the burning walls of his Palace and was lost for over 2,000 years. The first broken and scattered remains of the library were found in 1840 and are now at the British Museum.
1840 Austin Henry Layard later, assisted by Hormuzd Rassam (a Nineveh local) in 1846 funded by The British Museum uncovers thousands of clay tablets written in Cuneiform and Akkadian language at The North West Palace.
1861 George Smith, intrigued by history of Assyria (by profession, an apprentice bank note engraver) spent each lunch hour observing hundreds of clay tablets at The British Museum. The Museum realised his knowledge and invited him to assemble the tablets. To his amazement he married a clay tablet story about a world drowned by flood, about a man who builds a boat, about a dove released in search of dry land. His thoughts were the Noah's Ark story but, this was not the book of Genesis astonishingly, it was Gilgamesh (Sumerian King), an epic poem inscribed into damp clay around 1800 BCE. He was invited to read his translation of the tablet to an audience at The Society for Biblical Archaeology in London attended by Prime Minister Gladstone. Epic of Gilgamesh read by George Smith caused a sensation. The Daily Telegraph put up 1000 guineas for George Smith to continue his investigations and excavations; he died in Aleppo of dysentery at the age of 36 years in 1876 leaving 8 groundbreaking books on Assyria.
Hormuzd Rassam was recalled by The British Museum to continue excavations at the Babylonian City of Sippar discovering the great door of the Palace of Balawat and 70,000 cuneiform tablets.1880 was his final expedition as he was being erased from the records due to hyperbole of Sir Henry Rawlinson he was a trustee of the British Museum from 1876 until his death and a British East India Company army officer, claiming Hormuzd Rassam was just a digger who oversaw works in progress. The British Museum removed his name from plaques and visitor guide books. Hormuzd Rassam could not find one publisher for his memoirs having a good relationship with his best friend Austin Henry Layard since he was 19 years old and after spending 18 months at Magdalen College Oxford. He died in Hove 1910, aged 84 years knowing that Layard wrote 'One of the honestest and most straight forward fellows I ever knew and one whose services have never been acknowledged'.By the end of his life, Rassam's reputation and achievements were once again receiving greater recognition, at least amidst his professional colleagues; in their obituary for Rassam, The Royal Geographical Society wrote: 'The death of Mr Hormuzd Rassam deprives The Royal Geographical Society of one of its older and more distinguished Fellows.'Hormuzd Rassam was also a Fellow of The Society of Biblical Archaeology and The Victoria Institute. Today, The British Museum acknowledges that Hormuzd Rassam was an archaeologist later, an official and an assistant to Austen Henry Layard. His excavation papers are held in the central archives in The British Museum.
THE BRITISH MUSEUM : The royal gardens at Nineveh were spectacular. They were irrigated by canals which stretched over 31 miles into the mountains in order to make them a year-round oasis of all types of flora. There is a recent argument that the legendary Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) were actually those at Nineveh and later writers had confused Nineveh and Babylon. Even if this was not the case, Ashurbanipal’s gardens were certainly impressive and exotic. The King collected plants from across the Ancient World and brought them back to his capital. The largest Capital City of 18 gates of The Ancient World. However, it was not just the architecture that made the royal residence impressive, surrounding the palace were orchards, game parks, deer, gazelle, lions, lush and exotic gardens, pine trees, date palms, grapevines, pomegranate, pear, fig, olive trees, that evoked a paradise on earth. Ashurbanipal claimed : 'I planted alongside the palace a botanical garden, which has all types of trees and every fruit and vegetable.' The gardens at Nineveh were irrigated by an immense canal network built by Ashurbanipal's grandfather Sennacherib. He brought water to the City over 31 miles using channels and aqueducts to create a year-round oasis of all types of flora.The canals stretching 31 miles into the mountains, and Sennacherib boasted about the engineering technology. A monumental aqueduct crossing the valley at Jerwan, which can be seen still today, made of over 2 million stones and waterproof cement, 918 feet long, 72 feet wide, 29 feet high. The aqueducts were constructed over 500 years before the Romans started building their aqueducts and inscribed with the following words: 'Sennacherib King of the world King of Assyria. Over a great distance I had a watercourse directed to the environs of Nineveh, joining together the water, over steep-sided valleys, I spanned an aqueduct of white limestone blocks, I made those waters flow over it. In order to draw water up all day long, I had rope, bronze wires, chains made and I set up the great cylinders and date palm trees over cisterns. Designing an automatic Sluice that opened by itself. Some of the water was diverted to irrigate orchards, fields to the north of Nineveh, an artificial marshland to delay the flow, filter the water which attracted wildlife.' At Arbela, Sennacherib built an underground tunnel to bring high quality water into the City, an underground aqueduct with shaft to the surface at intervals, ASSYRIANS : Masters of the principles of hydraulic engineering. Water raising screw : a great tree trunk 'gismahhu', the word for cylinder 'alamittu' moulds, date palm tree, water screw cast in bronze.
Ancient Greek & Roman Writers who were associated with the classical account of 'The Hanging Garden of Babylon' : Berossus (Babylonian Priest of Marduk, writer), Josephus, Siculus, Rufus, Strabo, Philo of Byzantium, Ctesias, Cleitarchus (History of Alexander, many historians say, contains many errors, some serious). 8,200 Gallons of Water per day would have been required to service the writers classical accounts. Apparently, there is a recent argument that the legendary Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) were actually those at Nineveh and later writers had confused Nineveh and Babylon. The Writers did know about the eighth gate to the inner City and did not know about the 18 Gates of The North West Palace at Nineveh. It appears the original mistake may have been Ctesias, Cleitarchus, who was not above exaggerating, delighting in stories about wonderful things. History shows : even Herodotus of Halicarnassus was capable of making Babylon the capital of Assyria.
Proof : Why, 'The The Hanging Gardens of Nineveh' should have been acknowledged, as one of The Seven Wonders of The Ancient World.
The excavations at the site of Babylon have never yielded any evidence of raised architectural gardens. Drawings of a now lost bas-relief ( first discovered by Layard 1840) in Nineveh incredibly, Austin Henry Layard's artist had already made a copy of the original and Layard published it in his book on Nineveh in 1853 showing trees growing on a roofed colonnade, similar to those described in The Classical Account of the Hanging Gardens.
Abstract
Sennacherib : First Hydraulic Engineer of The Ancient World who made Water Climb ! FIRST INVENTOR OF AQUEDUCTS : FIRST USING A DATE PALM TREE TRUNK MAKING WATER CLIMB ! KING SENNACHERIB HAD A BIGGER PLAN FLOODING THE HINTERLAND, A FACSIMILE OF SOUTHERN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA.
Susa - Sardes : 1,677 miles, 111 stations (caravanserai) on the heavily guarded Persian Royal Road.
One of the best kept secrets for 170 years : 12 sections of treatments (head to toe of the human body), in great detail, 50 clay tablets, 10,000 lines of text, First Standardised, Structured, Systematised handbook on Therapeutic Medicine 'Nineveh Medical Encyclopaedia'. A 2500-2600 year old handbook on medicine containing thousands of descriptions of diseases, symptoms, with therapeutic perscriptions. The British Museum with the support of Wellcome Trust are reconstructing The Encyclopaedia into English.
King Ashurbanipal's Library, North West Palace, Nineveh, Upper Mesopotamia revelling 'Nineveh Medical Encyclopaedia', still today.
An original cultural gift. The Ancient Near East, Short Stories, Maps, Sketches, Photographs, Where Time Began, Aleppo : lasting 3-6 months, Matthew was writing His Gospel and always walked for 3 weeks from Antioch to Tarsus perhaps, with a very expensive Aleppo for his best friends Peter, Paul, Apostles, still today. Book, Ancient Soap, Ancient History in Box, Click Store and scroll.
Celebrated Theatres of The Near East Bosra Theatre Southern Syria, Capital of The Roman Province of Arabia, Emperor Trajan 2nd Century CE, seating 15,000, Unesco World Heritage Site in danger !
The Library of Celsus, 12000 Scrolls !
The Library of Celsus, Ephesus, built in 117 CE. The repository having a capacity to hold 12,000 scrolls, a marble stairway, columns, four statues representing 'Wisdom', 'Virtue', 'Intelligence', 'Knowledge', building still standing, still today, Unesco World Heritage Site.
Celsus Library is one of the most beautiful structures in Ephesus built in 117 CE Commissioned in 114 CE by Tiberius Julius Acquila with provision to purchase scrolls in the amount of 23,000 Denarius and finished by his heirs. The library was built to commemorate his father Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus aged 70. Celsus had been a member of the Roman Senate and he was, from 105 to 107 CE, the proconsul of Ephesus. Celsus had also been Consul in Rome in 92 CE, where he was responsible for all public buildings. He was one of the richest businessmen in Ephesus. The library was then a fitting memorial and burial place for one of Ephesus’ grandees. Completed in 117 CE, Celsus was then entombed in a lead coffin encased in a marble sarcophagus decorated with high relief figures of Nike, Eros, rosettes and garlands. The sarcophagus was buried under the flooring near the apsidal wall.
The library of Celsus, Ephesus
Hadrian's Temple, Ephesus
Giza, Sphinx, cut from the bedrock, Egypt, (spiritual guardian), buried in sand until the early 1800's. A Genoese named Caviglia, sponsored by Henry Salt, British Consul, Egypt, attempted to dig out the statute with 160 men and failed. Reseachers, estimate that it would have taken 100 people 3 years to carve, until Egyptian Archaeologist Selim Hassan completed sand from the statute, as we see it today. 4,500 years, limestone, 240 feet long, 66 feet high. However, the Professors are still debating but, they know it was painted !
RADIATING GEM, GRAND EGYPTIAN MUSEUM, THROUGH THE VAST ALABASTER ENTRANCE ARCH, ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY OVER 3,000 YEARS, AT THE FOOT OF THE PYRAMID OF GIZA, TUTANKHAMUN'S 5,000 TREASURES, SOLAR BARGE, 137 FEET LONG CEDARWOOD BOAT THAT WAS BURIED BESIDE THE GREAT PYRAMID, 2,467 BCE, A JOURNEY TO THE HEAVENS FOR PHARAOH KHUFU, THE TREASURES OF QUEEN HETEPHERES, MOTHER OF THE BUILDER OF THE GREAT PYRAMID, 120 ACRES, 100,000 ARTEFACTS, MORE THAN 20 YEARS TO BUILD, 5,381,955 SQ FT, THE TOP OF THE BUILDING LIES LEVEL WITH THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA DESCENDING TO THE NILE VALLEY, THE MAIN ENTRANCE OF THE GRAND EGYPTIAN MUSEUM, WALK AMONG PHARAONIC STATUES, ANCIENT WALL PANTINGS, OLD KINGDOM, MIDDLE, NEW KINGDOMS, GREEKS, ROMANS.
THE GRAND EGYPTIAN MUSEUM, the world's largest Museum, radiating the story of Ancient History of Egypt ! last, of The Seven Wonders of The Ancient World !
The Grand Egyptian Museum now officially opened, including The Children's Museum for 6-12 years, allows children to choose the way they learn best, fostering cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development.
Old Kingdom 2686-2125 BCE, Middle Kingdom 2055-1650 BCE, New Kingdom 1550 BCE.
The Great Pyramid : Stable workforce 5,000, temporary workers 20,000 three to four month period before returning home. Payment in the form of food, drink, medical attention, if you died whilst working you would be buried at the nearby cemetery. Beer and bread were staples of the ancient Egyptian diet which, are laden with calories needed to provide energy for work. The bread may have been quite greasy, like a flatbread but, of a lighter texture, providing an amazing amount of energy. Archaeologists have excavated huge bakeries capable of suppling the vast quantities of bread needed and eaten by the workers at Giza. In addition, we know ancient Egyptians also ate : Onions, a salad with bread. Wild fowl, ducks and geese, they particularly enjoyed crispy roast duck basted in honey, meat and fish could also be salted and hung up to dry. Many tomb and temple scenes show butchery, the preparation of meat and birds hanging from hooks in shops. Dried fish also featured in ancient Egyptian diets.
This masterpiece is considered a milestone in Chinese painting history, 
BOOK : THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST, short stories, maps, sketches, photographs, in colour, Where Time Began, still today, click store and scroll. 
