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3200 BCE Hieroglyphs began ! Hieroglyphs : Sacred Carvings !Incredible to think, the largest Tomb in Egypt, was not occupied by a pharaoh but, a highly literate Scholar, a Priest, A Scribe, called Padiamenope. His Tomb dated 700 BCE took 20 years to build and is Egypt's largest collection of Hieroglyphs.
2013, discovery of Wadi al Jarf, an ancient harbour, 4,500 years, (called 'The Bush' by Egyptians), on The Red Sea Coast, 50 to 70 years in the 4th Dynasty 2675–2545 BCE, it is the earliest known harbour in the world, used for importing copper from Sinai for tools for working the stones on the pyramids. Discovery of 30 Papyri scrolls.
Radar technology : Radar Satellite imagery, historical maps, geophysical surveys, sediment coring, recovering evidence from samples to map the deep river branch, hidden rivers and ancient structures finding the ancient deep waterway, where 31 Pyramids, including Giza were built, now located in The Sahara Desert.The river branch named Ahramat, meaning Pyramids in arabic, 39 miles long, 656-2296 feet wide. Clever Egyptians, Clever River Nile, still today.
Architects of The Great Pyramid sighted on two stars (b-Ursae Minoris and z-Ursae Majoris), rotating around the position of the north pole, which would have been in perfect alignment in around 2467 BCE, the precise date when Khufu's pyramid is thought to have been constructed. So, Khufu's pyramid is the only pyramid in perfect alignment in Egypt.
King Thutmose II's tomb was the last undiscovered royal tomb of the 18th Egyptian dynasty. His wife was Hatshepsut ! The British-Egyptian team, located in the Western Valleys of Theban Necropolis near the city of Luxor. Researchers had thought the burial chambers of the 18th dynasty pharaohs were more than one and a quarter miles away, closer to the Valley of the Kings. The Team found it in an area associated with the resting places of royal women, but when they got into the burial chamber they found it decorated - the sign of a pharaoh, as blue-painted ceilings with yellow stars are only found in kings tombs.
The Seven Women of The Ancient World, Kubaba, the only Queen of The Sumerians, Queen Pu-abi, 111 period, Enheduanna, Poet, Priestess, Queen Cleopatra, Queen Zenobia, Empress Theodora, Pharaoh Hatshepsut, a thousand years after The Pyramids, Queen Hatshepsut (Hat-shep-soot) became Pharaoh, considered the most successful of all Pharaohs reigned 21 years, died 1458 BCE, mid forties. How refreshing, Professor Mary Beard does not hold back, the story of The Emperors, how wonderful she exploits the anxieties of the human being, where we have always been taught to be impressed by power ! Just wonderful ! Priestesses, ruling City States, 'Ensi', Troy, Pergamum, Ephesus, Mt. Koressos, The House of Mary, Unesco World Heritage Sites, Lydia. Caravans of Camels loaded with Jewels, Spices, from Cappadocia, Persia, India, Arabia, Persian Sogdian Traders travelled and spoke the language of Sogdiana for more than 800 hundred years from Chang'an (perpetual peace), Antioch, 138 BCE. Sumerians, first Astronomers to Map the Stars into different constellations. Perhaps, 2025, discovery of the Tomb of Cleopatra, Antony, the 14 Ptolemies from Alexander the Great to Cleopatra. The river branch named ‘Ahramat’, meaning Pyramids in arabic, 39 miles long, 656-2296 feet wide, where tributaries led to the construction of 31 Pyramids, Sahara Desert. The oldest Ancient Port, 4,500 years, Wadi al Jarf, Ancient Harbour on The Red Sea. The Egyptians built 100 Pyramids after realising from The Sumerians, quadratic equation of the triangle and cube. The Ancient Near East, The Fertile Crescent, Ancient Mesopotamia : Assyrians, making Water Climb ! First Windmills, 65 feet tall ‘Asbad’ Persians ! First most accurate Clock, Egyptians ! Irrigation, the panacea of Ancient Mesopotamia, Radar Discoveries, Radiation Discoveries, Where we are just beginning to understand ! And now our understanding is radiating THE GRAND EGYPTIAN MUSEUM, the largest museum in the world, at the base of GIZA ! last, of The Seven Wonders of The Ancient World ! 120 acres, 100,000 artefacts, more than 20 years to build, 5,381,955 sq ft, the top level of the building lies level with The Pryamids of Giza, descending to The Nile Valley, The Entrance to The Grand Egyptian Museum which, officially opens 3rd July 2025.
Continuing History, Taposiris Magna, Alexandria, 43 feet under The Mediterranean Sea, Archaeologist Kathleen Martinez digs Sand from a Tunnel searching for Ptolemy, Cleopatra, permission granted to dig 6.2 miles out from the Port of Alexandria. Al-Khwarizmi, Baghdad, Algebra, Latin, ‘Algorithm’. The story of China’s First Emperor, The Terracotta Army. Confucius, tells the story of Silk. The deep water of The Nile, Sahara Desert, Radar finds, where 31 Pyramids were built. Hatshepsut, The Pharaoh of Pharaoh's. The Hanging Garden of Nineveh, King Ashurbanipal, King Sennacherib, who made Water Climb ! The 18 Gates of The Northwest Palace, year round Oasis of Flora, Irrigated by Canals, bringing in Water 50 miles from The Mountains. THE GREAT LIBRARY, British Museum, 7th Century BCE. The incredible Jerwan Aqueduct, 2 million stones, waterproof Cement, Rope, Bronze Wires, Chains, The Great Cylinders, Date Palm Tree Trunk, Over Cisterns, An Automatic Sluice Gate, which, opened by itself, Irrigating Orchards, Fields, Artificial Marsh Land, to delay the flow, filtering Water, attracting Wildlife, Plants from across the World, Botanical Gardens, Orchards, Game Parks, Lush and Exotic Gardens, with all types of Animals from around The World. Fig Trees, Pomegranate, Pear, Pine Trees, (four centuries before Archimedes, 500 years before The Romans built aqueducts). Who is George Smith ? Who is Dr. Stephanie Dalley ? What was the First most accurate Clock ? Who was the First to make Water Climb ? Who built the First Windmills ? What was the First Lighthouse, the Blazing Fire, each Night for a Thousand Years ? Did Women administer Sumer ? Did Woman become the First Physicians, Doctors, Dentists ? Why was 60 implemented by The Sumerians ?
Soap, has saved more lives than Penicillin, enabling our existence, two thousand years before The Silk Route opened,138 BCE, only used by The Kings, Queens, Princesses, Pharaohs, Aristocracy, Wealthy, Sumerian Priests used them for medical benefits, recorded on Clay Tablets, Procopius, portrays Empress Theodora, as a wonton of the promiscuous sort, involving her naked body, some grain and a gaggle of intellectual trained geese. Babylonian, Trigonometric Table, 1000 years before Pythagora's Theorem. Pharos of Alexandria, the blazing inferno 393 feet, each night for a 1000 years. Archeaologist, Kathleen Martinez digs sand, 43 feet beneath The Mediterranean Sea, searching for Cleopatra. Baghdad Mathematician Al-khwarizmi, calculating, by completion, balancing, Algebra, still today. 500 BCE, The Romans first rolled Papyrus into little clylinders called Candalae, Ziggurats, more than a thousand years before The Pyramids, Natron, a naturally occurring Salt found in Wadi el Naturn, Desert, West of The Delta Nile, enabling Tutankhamun's enbalming, Göbekli Tepe, settlements in Groups of 40, 11,500 years, George Smith Translates Clay Tablets : The Tower of Babel, Tower of Belus, Galen of Pergamum, discovers that Urine was formed in the Kidneys and Arteries carried Blood, Darius 1, receives Gifts of Timbers from Phoenicia to Persepolis, building The Apādana Palace, Babylonians contributed with Brick Building, Egyptians, offering Ivory, Gold Building, Parchment, implemented by The Pergamums, Sennacherib, builds an Under Water Aqueduct at Arbela, with a shaft to the surface, at intervals, high quality Water !
9,500 BCE The Plain of Mesopotamia, Wild Wheat Grass. The Sumerian word for wheat was 'she-gib-ba' meaning 'the dark grain'. Mesopotamia, the original home of bread-making wheats.Waldi el Naturn, west of The Delta Nile, 75 feet below sea level, 125 feet below The Nile, Natron, used as a desiccant in the Mummification process, Embalming, 2500 BCE, the lost Palace, Temple of The Kings of Girsu, Bridge built of baked brick, still today, Theodora, first campaigner of Women's Rights, abolishing a law that allowed Women to be killed for committing adultery, the term Palestine was originally a designation of an area of land in southern Cannan, Philistines (sea people) 1276 BCE, the impressive Persian Administrator, Darius 1, Shahanshah, The Kings Pirradazis, first postal system of decrees, The City of Antioch, lit-up with vegetable oil filled lamps for 800 years, Trading under 1400 Roman columns, 18 feet tall and porticoes for two and a half miles (two and a half times Oxford Street), The Library of Alexandria, The Library of Celsus, Ephesus, Algorithm, latin, from the name of Al-Khwarizmi, Baghdad Mathematician, Algebra, still today, the incredible Al-khwarizmi, Mathematician, Astronomer, Geographer ! The Sine Quadrant, invented by Al-Khwarizmi, used for Astronomical calculations, solving Trigonometric issues, a prominent corner of the Moon is named after Al-Khwarizmi. The great Theatre of Ephesus, seating 25000, where Paul preached, Lysimachus, digs into the mountainside for 60 years, Genesis, the source of the four tributaries : Pishon, Gihon, Tigris, Euphrates, the Biblical land known as Ancient Mesopotamia, perhaps, The Garden of Eden.
Where Time Began : The Story of Silk, implemented by chance, The First Moisturiser of The Ancient World, Queen Zenobia, Cleopatra, Elizabeth 1, Assyrian Queens, Pharaohs, Papyrus, called tjufy by The Pharaohs where The Romans 500 BCE first rolled Papyrus into little cylinders called Candalae, The Story of The Libraries, Scrolls, Parchment, Theatres, Dams, Canals, Aqueducts and Bronze Water Raising Screw, sent water 50 miles from the mountains into the heavenly gardens of Nineveh, date palm tree is an early reference to the Archimedes Screw, as the trunk of a date palm often grows with spirally protrusions similar in shape to an Archimedes Screw, Assyrians, four centuries before Archimedes, Sennacherib (grandfather) : First Hydraulic Engineer of The Ancient World, 500 years before The Romans built Aqueducts, Ashurbanipal (grandson), The Hanging Garden of Nineveh, not Babylon, Antioch, where the word Christianity began, implemented by Peter, Paul. First : Sumerians, oil in soap. First : Antiseptics, Antibacterial, Anti-itching, Anti-inflammatory. First : Sumerian Priests Used these Soaps for medical benefits, Clay Tablets, Where Children and Family need to know.
Temple of Artemis, Ephesus 550 BCE, built by Croesus, King of Lydia, rebuilt, after being burned down by the madness of Herostratus 356 BCE and others, 150 feet wide, 300 feet long, 127 Ionic columns, the whole of the building was constructed in marble. The Statue of Artemis which, was removed during a fire, is exhibited at The Ephesus Museum, 1869 Archaeologist, John Turtle Wood on behalf of The British Museum discovered 20 feet under sand the remains of The Temple of Artemis, excavations continued until 1874 sending precious sculptures and archaeological items to The British Museum. Considered number one, Seven Wonders of The Ancient World. 1904-1905 David George Hogarth on behalf of The British Museum excavated with success, finding the foundations of The Artemision. The chronology of construction was now established, the remains of The Temple were transported to The British Museum.
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus a tomb built 353 - 350 BCE located at Halicarnassus, Lydia, two hours drive from Ephesus. The Tomb was built for Mausolus, the ruler of Halicarnassus and his wife. The Mausoleum, 148 ft high, marbled four sides, richly adorned with sculptural reliefs. One of The Seven Wonders of The Ancient World.
Unesco World Heritage Sites, LydiaAncient Mesopotamia : THE UNTOLD STORY, THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST, MORE UNTOLD THAN WE THOUGHT, 40 centuries of soapmaking, still making history, still today, please scroll down. A biblical presence of the world’s first Olive oil, Pistachio oil, Laurel Berry oil and Almond oil soaps traded on The Silk Route, 2nd century BCE -14th century CE (when the Ottoman Empire boycotted trade with the west and closed the route), all other Routes on The Silk Route stayed open for Trading until the 16th century, continuing where the first sophisticated civilisation of the world started, WHERE TIME BEGAN. Ancient Mesopotamia's collection of these imported cultural soaps are skilfully made by hand, hand-cut, dried stored for months reducing moisture content making the soap hard and long lasting with the original ingredients unchanged for 40 centuries, remarkably today, still being handmade from the same historical areas, as the Soapmakers continue making history. The Silk Route, The Soapmakers, all from the area of Ancient Mesopotamia, The Fertile Crescent. Antiochia, Queen Zenobia's preference. Aleppo, laurel berries received daily from Antioch for 300 years, favoured by Queen Cleopatra and Queen Zenobia. Mardin : The Persians, Assyrians and Romans allowed the Soaps to travel (the abundance of Pistachios and Pistachios with kernel of the apricot favoured by Assyrian Queens and Princesses for their hair), Almond, Aristocracy, Romans and Greeks preference at Antioch. The profusion of olive tree plantations at Antioch in the 4th Century CE and 5th Century CE. Nablus Soapmakers began in the 7th Century CE, the families increased through popularity, from the 10th Century the first pressed olive oil was made from the finest ancient olive groves in the world (five thousand years old, still today) Nablus, Palestine, The Fertile Crescent (the preference of Elizabeth 1). 40 centuries of soapmaking, used by The Emperors, Kings, Queens, Princesses, Pharaohs and the wealthy, two thousand years before The Silk Route opened, centuries later, still handmade today.
Pliny the Elder, friend of Emperor Vespasian, known for his writings 77 CE 'Naturalis Historia', other writings advising on woman's cosmetics : asse's milk removes wrinkles, butter mixed with white lead useful against acne and cows placenta recommended for removal of facial ulcers and he describes soap as 'An invention of The Gauls for giving a reddish tint to the hair' (made of tallow, ash). Whilst in Antioch he observes laurel berries were being loaded onto donkeys daily for the constant journey to Aleppo but, he never completed the question 'why'. Oil in Soap was an incredible expensive luxury and historians have never paid any attention to it and clearly only referred to the oil and strigil, the mystery of why oil in soaps never went to Rome ( The Romans omitted the history of The Sumerians discovery of Oil in Soap, Sumerian Priests used oil in soap for medical benefits, written on clay tablets and The Romans chose to ignore, as they could not afford these Moisturisers themselves ). The continuing Untold Story of Oil in Soap for 40 centuries, has saved more lives than penicillin, the greatest medical discovery in human history, still today. Sumerians : The concept of Time. Sumerians : Oil in Soap.
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA : continuing the ethical and sustainable ethos, the culture and spirit of the first Soapmakers of the world remarkably, 40 centuries later, still handmade today from the original historical areas whilst supporting their families.
SOAP : the greatest medical discovery in human history, cleans away something you cannot see, soap does not attract germs, water does. UNICEF : doctors wash their hands half as frequently as they should, if every cook used soap it would cut the world’s rate of respiratory infections by 25%. Soap has saved the live of a healthy person oblivious to the bullet they have dodged, has saved more lives then penicillin, enabling our existence, doesn't just make cities healthier, it makes them possible, enabling our existence.
Susa - Sardes : 1,677 miles, 111 stations (caravanserai) on the heavily guarded Persian Royal Road.
Mardin : Pistachio, Laurel Berry Oil : Olive Oil, Laurel Berry.Mardin suffered tremors and aftershocks but, City is safe 6th February 2023, 7.8 Mw.
MARDIN : located on The Silk Route, The Persian Royal Road, the oldest City in Upper Mesopotamia, Göbekli Tepe, Unesco World Heritage Site, where humans have existed for 11,500 years, 115 centuries, the first farming communities of the world, Upper Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia. Mardin, the open museum, Unesco Tentative Listing, 4500 BCE with the most preserved architecture in the world, where The Persians, Assyrians and Romans allowed the Soaps to travel. The ochre sunset of Mardin, where olive oil, pistachio oil, travelled on The Persian Royal Road, where Persian Sogdian Traders travelled on The Silk Route and spoke the language of Sogdiana for hundreds of years from Chang'an (Han Dynasty), Samarkand to Antioch (The Roman Empire), the preference of King Charles 111. The Province of Mardin, Dara, three miles from the Persian border of Nisibis, founded in 505 CE. EMPEROR ANASTASIUS builds a city, where masons were summoned to build the last Roman Fortress 114 feet tall : great storehouses, palaces, churches, bazaar, houses, reservoir, water channels and graves of the Roman warriors wrapped around a two and a half mile wall 'Anastasiopolis'.
EMPEROR JUSTINIAN 1st 527-565 CE rebuilds and strengthens the last Roman Fortress, Wife Theodora, exceptionally beautiful, intelligent, Empress, ruled with Justinian 1st for 21 years, a woman from a poor background. Theodora had grown up among the working classes of Constantinople (330 CE the new Capital of The Roman Empire, lasting 12 centuries) previously, Ancient Greek City of Byzantium, four times the size of Byzantium, built on seven hills, just like old Rome), she was a child of the circus who became Constantinople's best known actress. Theodora loved the male, female baths and frequented them often, early in the morning and leaving late. The mixed baths (where olive oil and alkali (ash) was used) ended in the 8th century CE. Procopius, Writer, Greek Scholar, Principal Byzantium Historian of the 6th century CE portrayed Theodora as a wanton of the most promiscuous sort, sighting a stage act that the future Empress was said to have performed involving her naked body, some grain and a gaggle of trained geese. Justinian 1st passed a law allowing intermarriage between social classes, his marriage to Theodora caused a scandal but, she became one of the most influential women of the Ancient World. Justinian wanted to restore Rome to its ancient glory. Plague 541 CE, 50 per cent of the population died, conflict with Sassanids, Goths. However, legendary General Belisarius had recaptured lawlessness 534 CE in Africa, giving access to African grain, gold flowed again into the Imperial Treasury. Procopius recorded 10000 people a day were now dying from the plague. Two christian Nestorian Monks from the east persuaded Justinian that Silk could be made in Greece. They journeyed back to the east and hid Silkworm Eggs in bamboo staves packed with straw to keep them dormant, upon returning to Constantinople, the eggs were hatched. However, China still produced the high end quality silk, a class distinction. The earthquake of earthquakes 526 CE Antioch, Theodora ensured the fine Church of St. Michael and The Basilica of Asterius were rebuilt despatching marble columns from Constantinople (first campaigner of women's rights), she worked for the rights of prostitutes, closing brothels, safe houses, forced prostitution, changed the law on divorce, abolished a law that allowed women to be killed for committing adultery. Mardin Soap : two thousand years before The Silk Route opened, 40 centuries of soapmaking, still handmade today remarkably, from the same historical area.
ALEPPO, 64 BCE a Roman Province : Soapmakers continue making history two thousand years before The Silk Route opened remarkably, still being handmade today in Gaziantep, on the Silk Route, just miles over the border from Aleppo City, where laurel berries were received daily from Antioch for 300 years. Aleppo, the preference of Queen Cleopatra and Queen Zenobia. The mixture of olive oil, water and lye; underground fires begins the process heating the oil for 3 days for the oil to react with the lye and water, creating a thickness thereafter, adding laurel berry oil. Pouring the mixture over a sheet of waxed paper awaiting ageing, chemical changes for the cutter's hand and stamped seal. Reactions with the air gently turning the soap gold on the outside and mystical emerald green on the inside, reducing moisture content making the soap hard and long lasting. The Aleppo Soapmakers : still handmade today in Aleppo on The Silk Route, 40 centuries of soapmaking, continuing making history, Aleppo : Unesco World Heritage Site, once ruled by Hittites, Assyrians, Akkadians, today, continuing to stay on the 'The List of World Heritage in Danger'.
East Anatolian Fault : Aleppo, completely destroyed 6th February 2023, 7.8 Mw. However, Aleppo Soapmakers continue making history.
East Anatolian Fault : 11th October 1138 CE, Aleppo earthquake, 200,000 lost their lives.
East Anatolian Fault : Museum Hotel (Antioch), one of the few buildings standing 30,000 objects,largest Roman Empire floor mosaic and all other objects safe, 27 feet underground, Hotel above safe, 6th February 2023,7.8 Mw. The Museum's Director rushed to The Museum with all Staff, Restorers and Staff from all other Museums in Turkey helping to collect all moveable objects. The only damage, cracks in ceiling plaster, now being replaced. Update : further checking of Bolts is being monitored on the building and is on going !
PLEASE NOTE : Update : Ladies Co-operative : Syrian Ladies, Ladies from Mardin join forces to continue history of producing 'The Antiochia', The Laurel Leaf ! as Antioch continues to suffer, Earthquake, 6th February 2023 !
ANTIOCH, 64 BCE a Roman Province : the third largest City of The Roman Empire, after Alexandria and Rome on The Silk Route, 1,100 acres, the only Roman City illuminated at night for hundreds of years. Third century CE, The Imperial Palace residence of Queen Zenobia (Antiochia, the preference of Queen Zenobia, just a short walk from the Soapmakers), Queen of Palmyra Empire, Queen of Syria, Queen of Egypt, ruler of one third of The Roman Empire (6 years, loved by her people). Libanius, Antioch's celebrated Orator, born Antioch 314 CE, a Greek teacher of rhetoric of the Sophist School who tells the story of the City being illuminated each night 'People of Antioch were sleeping on the roofs at night where the summer breeze would gently stir the garments of the sleepers,' favoured by The Emperors, the centre of literature, the romantic magnet for scholars, writers, philosophers, the marriage of Antony and Cleopatra 37 BCE, (Aleppo, the preference of Queen Cleopatra, where Antony establishes Antioch as his Headquarters), the park of woods at Daphne (Daphne : ancient Greek meaning laurel, spoken in Ancient Antioch), known for its plethora of thickly planted mulberry bushes, groves of cypresses and laurels forming a dramatic continuous roof, the carpet of rose groves interspersed with streams five miles from Antioch leading down to the Mediterranean waters. Antiochia Soap : two thousand years before The Silk Route opened, 40 centuries of soapmaking, still handmade today remarkably, from the same historical area.
Incredible Princeton University, led by Professor George W. Elderkin 1932-1939, as lead University, excavating 'Antioch', 'Daphne', Three hundred storage boxes, trays, coins, numismatic collection, Firestone Library. Princeton University 'Antioch' website. Princeton University Art Museum.
Harvard Museum, The Ancient Near East, housing more than 40,000 archaeological artifacts.
Yale, Babylonion Collection 45,000 artifacts.
Penn Museum, Philadelphia, 35,000 cuneiform tablets, 90,000 artifacts, The Ancient Near East.
The clever Books of The Ancient Near East by Professor Amanda Podany.
Not forgetting, The ISAC Museum, The University of Chicago, 350,000 Artifacts !
Continuing the enrichment of History : The Grand Egyptian Museum, The British Museum, Musée du Louvre, Met Museum.
East Anatolian Fault : December 13th, 115 CE 260,000 lives lost, Antioch. Emperor Trajan had just returned to the City and escaped to the Hippodrome, Circus. He built a new aqueduct under 4 miles to replenish water for the City which, was completed by Hadrian.
East Anatolian Fault : 29th March, 526 CE 250,000 lives lost followed by 18 months of aftershocks. Emperor Justinian 1st, Empress Theodora : The earthquake of earthquakes Antioch, Theodora ensured the fine Church of St. Michael and The Basilica of Asterius were rebuilt despatching marble columns from Constantinople.
NABLUS, PALESTINE 63 BCE a Roman Province : the world's most ancient olive groves, a Unesco World Heritage Site, Central Highland area of Nablus, Battir to Hebron, seven natural springs, The Roman Empire (10th legion) channels and pools irrigate, centuries later, still worked today, continuing making history. Nablus Soapmakers began in the 7th Century CE, the families increased through popularity, from the 10th Century the first pressed olive oil was made from the finest ancient olive groves in the world ( five thousand years old, still today). Local lime, ash (ashes of the Barilla plant from the salty banks of the River Jordan, soda making qualities of Barilla seaweed ) are pounded into a powder, the pure olive oil soap mixture is gently heated and continuously stirred over many days in copper vats, then spread out to set, soaked in red vegetable pigment, a grid of woollen threads leaves its imprint, as the process of lines are established for the cutter's hand, whilst the stamped seal of the two crossed keys completes the process; Nablus Palestine,The Fertile Crescent (the preference of Elizabeth 1) and popular with Jordanian Families, Nablus Soap, remarkably, from the same historical area since the 10th century.
PALESTINE in the ancient world was part of the region known as Canaan where the Kingdoms of Israel and Judaea were located. The term `Palestine’ was originally a designation of an area of land in southern Canaan the people were known as Philistines (sea people). The Philistines are thought to have come to the area towards the end of the Bronze age c. 1276 BCE and established themselves on the southern coastal plain of the Mediterranean Sea in an area afterwards known as Philistia. The whole of the region was referred to as ‘Canaan' in Mesopotamian texts and trade records found at Ebla and Mari as early as the 1800 BCE while the term ‘Palestine' does not appear in any written records until 430 BCE in the Histories of Herodotus. Later, the term ‘Palestine' came to be used for the entire region which was formerly known as Canaan.
Neapolis of Samaria, Flavia Neapolis, 'Nablus', The New City, 72 CE, Emperor Vespasian. From olive groves, 5000 years, still today.
ANTIOCHIA, ALEPPO, Laurel Berry oil (not seen in the West) with the perfect percentage of Olive oil. Antiochia, Aleppo both assist gardeners, eczema, dermatitis, rosacea, psoriasis. Both natural moisturisers, antiseptic, anti-itching, antibacterial, anti-fungal, assisting problematic skin, calming sensitive skin, leaving skin soft, nourished and silky. Ancient Mesopotamia products contain no perfumes, artificial colours or, preservatives, 100% biodegradable and not tested on animals. Ancient Mesopotamia imports the collection of soaps traded on The Silk Route directly from the Soapmakers, 40 centuries of soapmaking, still handmade today, remarkably, from the same historical area.
PASARGADAE, 6th Century BCE, Achaemenid, First Persian Empire, Cyrus 11 the Great, classic Persian art, architecture, Palaces, gardens, the tomb of Cyrus the Great, the four gardens, Unesco World Heritage Site. Cyrus used Babylonian Priests to text 'Cyrus the Cylinder', British Museum. The successful Propagandist of The Persian Empire. The vast Empire, Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, Hindus River, India. First : respect for cultural, diversity of Peoples. The Cylinder : excavated Babylon 1879, it records how Cyrus restored Shrines and allowed deported Peoples to return home, The Ancient Near East 550-331 BCE.
Darius 1, 522 BCE - 486 BCE, reigned 36 years, impressive Persian Administrator, The Apādana Palace (audience Palace), East Stairway and Throne Hall 'Hundred Column Hall' (built later by Son Xerxes 1), founded by Darius I in 518 BCE Persepolis, the capital of the Achaemenid Empire, Persepolis, Greek, 'The City of The Persian's'. The Central Hall could accommodate 10,000 guests and took a hundred years to complete. King of Kings : son Xerxes I title, Shahanshah, King of Kings (486-465 BCE), and grandson Artaxerxes I (465-424 BCE), Unesco World Heritage Site. Darius invites Egyptians to do Ivory and Gold building at the Palace, Babylonians for Brick building, Timbers journey from Phoenicia.It can be traced back to Darius 1, Shushtar, Historical Hydraulic System, a complex of dams, bridges, canals and structures which consists of 13 sites which, work together as a hydraulic system, assisted by Elamites, Mesopotamians, as well as more recent Nabatean expertise and Roman building influence. Completed 3rd Century CE, Sassanians, Unesco World Heritage Site. The last time Persians really felt Persian !
Gifts, Shahanshah, King of Kings Darius I 518 BCE Persepolis, the capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
Rams, gifts for The King of Kings, Apādana Palace, Persepolis (The City of The Persians), East Stairway.
However, The Winter Palace at Susa was adorned with compliments by craftsmen : foundations, baked bricks, Cedar Timbers, Pheonicia, the delivering of Timbers to Babylon, then The Carians, Ionians (Greeks) moved them to Susa. Yaka Timber from Gandara, Carmania, Gold from Bactria, Sardis, precious stone Lapis Lazuli, Carnelian from Sogdiana, stone Turquoise from Chorasimia, Silver, Ebony from Egypt, Ivory from Ethiopia, Arachosia. Stone Cutter craftsmen, from Sardinia, Ionia, Goldsmiths from Medes, Egypt, Wood-Cutters, Sardinian, Egyptian. December, 330 BCE, Alexander the Great seized 40,000 talents of Gold, Silver from The Treasury at Susa Palace. Because of the dry climate Persians invent Qanats, underground tunnels bringing water from the mountains, Asbad (Windmill) 65 feet tall, 644 CE, a thousand years, south east Persia, Sistan, Baluchistan Provence, still seen today in Nashtifan, built of clay, wood, straw, horizontal drag force, moving turbines, turning the central mast, 120 day winds, Nish Toofan (storm's sting), grinding stones in a room below pressing grain into flour, even refrigeration, rudimentary air conditioning.
Delivering messages, system of Governors, Satraps, circulating royal decrees, Susa (ancient capital of Persia) - Sardes (Important, wealthy City of The Near East), Darius 1, 522-486 BCE, Horses from The Royal Stables, The Kings Pirradazis (horse changing), Angareion (horse posting), Angarium (riders), in relays 24 hours each 1,677 miles, 111 stations (caravanserai) on the heavily guarded Persian Royal Road, for others who travelled on these routes the penalty was death, 7-9 days or, 3 months on foot. First postal system of the world.DARIUS 1 allows The Soapmakers to travel on The Persian Royal Road. The Parthians from Persia (247BCE-224CE) allowed silk to travel through their Empire trading ostrich eggs for silk, building caravanserai along The Silk Route ensuring daily riches which, was repeated by The Kushans making The Silk Route safe to travel. Later, Persian Sogdian Traders, 2nd Century BCE, travelled on The Silk Route for more than 800 years.
Al-Khwarizmi : Born 780 CE, Baghdad, Died 850 CE.
800 CE, Caliph Harun al-Rashid founded The House of Wisdom, a library in which writings from other cultures were translated into Arabic. Baghdad became a centre for science, trade. Among its scholars was Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi, born Baghdad, author of two of history's great mathematical bestsellers. Muslim, Jewish, Christian scholars were allowed to study there.
'On Calculation with Hindu Numerals' a maths book written at the behest of al-Rashid's son and successor al-Ma'mun. Its translation awoke Mediaeval Europe into using arithmetic with just ten number symbols. In latin, his name became 'Algoritmi', his systematic calculating called 'Algorisms' later, 'Algorithms'.
His second masterpiece, al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala - The Compendious Book, calculation by Completion and Balancing. Al-jabr, latinised to 'Algebra'. 830 CE, solving each type of equation, quadratic formula, a numerical example, proof for each example, which is a geometrical, completing the square, calculation by completion and balancing, he created an abstract mathematical language used across The World, still today. Al-Khwarizmi did not use Symbols, he manipulated algebraic expressions in their own right, rather than thinking of the numbers they represent. Etymologically, the word 'Algorithm' is a combination of the word 'Algorismus' named after Al-Khwarizmi and the Greek word 'Arithmos', meaning number. Algebra, a theory of equations, solved by means of radicals and of Algebraic calculations, on related expressions.
Quotation by Al-Khwarizmi :
'That fondness for science, that affability and condescension which God shows to the learned, that promptitude with which he protects and supports them in the elucidation of obscurities and in the removal of difficulties, has encouraged me to compose a short work on calculating by al-jabr and al-muqabala, confining it to what is easiest and most useful in arithmetic.Al-jabr means ‘restoring', referring to the process of moving a subtracted quantity to the other side of an equation.Al-muqabala is ‘comparing' and refers to subtracting equal quantities from both sides of an equation.'However, the concept of 'Algorithms' was first introduced by The Babylonians 2000 BCE-1900 BCE, Two Tablets found at Senkerah on The Euphrates 1854 dated from 2000 BCE.However, the incredible Al-Khwarizmi, Mathematician, Astronomer, Geographer ! The Sine Quadrant, invented by Al-Khwarizmi, used for Astronomical calculations, solving trigonometric issues. A prominent corner of the moon is named after Al-Khwarizmi (a Lunar impact Crater located on the far side of The Moon). He updated, revised, Ptolemy's books on Cartography, Geography and Hipparchus gives us Latitude, Longitude. He worked by subdividing each of the 360 degrees of Latitude, Longitude into smaller segments, each degree was divided into 60 parts, each subdivided again into 60 smaller parts. The first division, partes minutae primae, first minute, second segmentation, partes minutae secundae, second minute became second.
ASHURBANIPAL, the last King of Assyria, 7th century BCE (Assyrian Empire 1365-609 BCE, 756 years), he reigned 39 years, The North West Palace, Nineveh, Upper Mesopotamia; where he establishes the great library, until the Babylonians sacked the City and Palace in a rebellion 612 BCE resulting in The Palace being burnt down. Ashurbanipal’s library was buried beneath the burning walls of his Palace and was lost for over 2,000 years. The first broken and scattered remains of the library were found in 1840 and are now at the British Museum.
1840 Austin Henry Layard later, assisted by Hormuzd Rassam (a Nineveh local) in 1846 funded by The British Museum uncovers thousands of clay tablets written in Cuneiform and Akkadian language at The North West Palace.
1861 George Smith, intrigued by history of Assyria (by profession, an apprentice bank note engraver) spent each lunch hour observing hundreds of clay tablets at The British Museum. The Museum realised his knowledge and invited him to assemble the tablets. To his amazement he married a clay tablet story about a world drowned by flood, about a man who builds a boat, about a dove released in search of dry land. His thoughts were the Noah's Ark story but, this was not the book of Genesis astonishingly, it was Gilgamesh (Sumerian King), an epic poem inscribed into damp clay around 1800 BCE. He was invited to read his translation of the tablet to an audience at The Society for Biblical Archaeology in London attended by Prime Minister Gladstone. Epic of Gilgamesh read by George Smith caused a sensation. The Daily Telegraph put up 1000 guineas for George Smith to continue his investigations and excavations; he died in Aleppo of dysentery at the age of 36 years in 1876 leaving 8 groundbreaking books on Assyria.
Hormuzd Rassam was recalled by The British Museum to continue excavations at the Babylonian City of Sippar discovering the great door of the Palace of Balawat and 70,000 cuneiform tablets.1880 was his final expedition as he was being erased from the records due to hyperbole of Sir Henry Rawlinson he was a trustee of the British Museum from 1876 until his death and a British East India Company army officer, claiming Hormuzd Rassam was just a digger who oversaw works in progress. The British Museum removed his name from plaques and visitor guide books. Hormuzd Rassam could not find one publisher for his memoirs having a good relationship with his best friend Austin Henry Layard since he was 19 years old and after spending 18 months at Magdalen College Oxford. He died in Hove 1910, aged 84 years knowing that Layard wrote 'One of the honestest and most straight forward fellows I ever knew and one whose services have never been acknowledged'.By the end of his life, Rassam's reputation and achievements were once again receiving greater recognition, at least amidst his professional colleagues; in their obituary for Rassam, The Royal Geographical Society wrote: 'The death of Mr Hormuzd Rassam deprives The Royal Geographical Society of one of its older and more distinguished Fellows.'Hormuzd Rassam was also a Fellow of The Society of Biblical Archaeology and The Victoria Institute. Today, The British Museum acknowledges that Hormuzd Rassam was an archaeologist later, an official and an assistant to Austen Henry Layard. His excavation papers are held in the central archives in The British Museum.
THE BRITISH MUSEUM : The royal gardens at Nineveh were spectacular. They were irrigated by canals which stretched over 31 miles into the mountains in order to make them a year-round oasis of all types of flora. There is a recent argument that the legendary Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) were actually those at Nineveh and later writers had confused Nineveh and Babylon. Even if this was not the case, Ashurbanipal’s gardens were certainly impressive and exotic. The King collected plants from across the Ancient World and brought them back to his capital. The largest Capital City of 18 gates of The Ancient World. However, it was not just the architecture that made the royal residence impressive, surrounding the palace were orchards, game parks, deer, gazelle, lions, lush and exotic gardens, pine trees, date palms, grapevines, pomegranate, pear, fig, olive trees, that evoked a paradise on earth. Ashurbanipal claimed : 'I planted alongside the palace a botanical garden, which has all types of trees and every fruit and vegetable.' The gardens at Nineveh were irrigated by an immense canal network built by Ashurbanipal's grandfather Sennacherib. He brought water to the City over 31 miles using channels and aqueducts to create a year-round oasis of all types of flora.The canals stretching 31 miles into the mountains, and Sennacherib boasted about the engineering technology. A monumental aqueduct crossing the valley at Jerwan, which can be seen still today, made of over 2 million stones and waterproof cement, 918 feet long, 72 feet wide, 29 feet high. The aqueducts were constructed over 500 years before the Romans started building their aqueducts and inscribed with the following words: 'Sennacherib King of the world King of Assyria. Over a great distance I had a watercourse directed to the environs of Nineveh, joining together the water, over steep-sided valleys, I spanned an aqueduct of white limestone blocks, I made those waters flow over it. In order to draw water up all day long, I had rope, bronze wires, chains made and I set up the great cylinders and date palm trees over cisterns. Designing an automatic Sluice that opened by itself. Some of the water was diverted to irrigate orchards, fields to the north of Nineveh, an artificial marshland to delay the flow, filter the water which attracted wildlife.' At Arbela, Sennacherib built an underground tunnel to bring high quality water into the City, an underground aqueduct with shaft to the surface at intervals, ASSYRIANS : Masters of the principles of hydraulic engineering. Water raising screw : a great tree trunk 'gismahhu', the word for cylinder 'alamittu' moulds, date palm tree, water screw cast in bronze.
Ancient Greek & Roman Writers who were associated with the classical account of 'The Hanging Garden of Babylon' : Berossus (Babylonian Priest of Marduk, writer), Josephus, Siculus, Rufus, Strabo, Philo of Byzantium, Cleitarchus (History of Alexander, many historians say, contains many errors, some serious). 8,200 Gallons of Water per day would have been required to service the writers classical accounts. Apparently, there is a recent argument that the legendary Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) were actually those at Nineveh and later writers had confused Nineveh and Babylon. Apparently, non of The Writers visited Babylon but, they clearly did know about the eighth gate to the inner City and did not know about the 18 Gates of The North West Palace at Nineveh. It appears the original mistake may have been Cleitarchus who was not above exaggerating, delighting in stories about wonderful things. History shows : even Herodotus of Halicarnassus was capable of making Babylon the capital of Assyria.
Proof : Why, 'The The Hanging Gardens of Nineveh' should have been acknowledged, as one of The Seven Wonders of The Ancient World.
The excavations at the site of Babylon have never yielded any evidence of raised architectural gardens. Drawings of a now lost bas-relief ( first discovered by Layard 1840) in Nineveh incredibly, Austin Henry Layard's artist had already made a copy of the original and Layard published it in his book on Nineveh in 1853 showing trees growing on a roofed colonnade, similar to those described in The Classical Account of the Hanging Gardens.
Layard's artist copy of the original, now lost, bas-relief depicting trees growing on a roofed colonnade, The Hanging Garden of Nineveh.Dr. STEPHANIE DALLEY, Assyriologist of Oxford University’s Oriental Institute a scholar of The Ancient Near East. She has retired as a teaching Fellow from the Oriental Institute, Oxford, author of 'The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon' where The Professor describes : deciphering cuneiform scripts and reinterpreting Greek and Roman texts : a 7th Century BCE Assyrian inscription mistranslated : cognisant of the bas-relief in Layard's book : Bronze water raising screw (4 centuries later Archimedes), The Professor has suggested that date palm tree is an early reference to the Archimedes screw, as the trunk of a date palm often grows with spirally protrusions similar in shape to an archimedes screw : Sennacherib referred to his Palace gardens, 700 BCE, 'A wonder for all the peoples' : Nineveh renames all of its gates, after the Babylonian gods, after sacking Babylon, The New Babylon : Alexander the Great and his Generals spent days at Jerwan encamped close to the great stone aqueduct, built 703-690 BCE, awaiting The Battle of Gaugamela : a complex system of canals, dams and aqueducts, 500 years before The Romans built aqueducts. The Professor looked at the comparative topography of Babylon and Nineveh and realised that the totally flat countryside around Babylon would have made it impossible to deliver sufficient water to maintain raised gardens described in the classical accounts, it therefore became quite clear that the ‘Hanging Gardens’ could not have been built in Babylon. Hanging Garden of Nineveh received mountain water from streams 50 miles away to the Citadel and the Hanging Garden. History re-written, with full detailed definitive evidence.
Oldest surviving Royal Library, The British Museum, 'Hanging Garden of Nineveh'. Historians : Perhaps 'The Hanging Garden of Nineveh' one of The Seven Wonders of The Ancient World. Nineveh, Unesco Tentative Listing.
INCREDIBLE ASSYRIANS building Dams, Canals, Aqueducts and bronze water screws (four centuries before Archimedes, 500 years before The Romans built aqueducts). Cleverness : bronze water raising screw sent water 50 miles from the mountains into the heavenly gardens of Nineveh. Mardin Oil in Soap perhaps used by the privileged Royal Gardeners planting The Hanging Garden of Nineveh of Sennacherib, Ashurbanipal (grandfather, grandson), where permission was granted by both Kings for the Soapmakers to travel on The Persian Royal Road at Nineveh, for others who travelled on this route the penalty was death so, the good fortune of travellers on The Silk Route at Nineveh was a better option.Sennacherib : First Hydraulic Engineer of The Ancient World who made Water Climb !
Susa - Sardes : 1,677 miles, 111 stations (caravanserai) on the heavily guarded Persian Royal Road.
One of the best kept secrets for 170 years : 12 sections of treatments (head to toe of the human body), in great detail, 50 clay tablets, 10,000 lines of text, First Standardised, Structured, Systematised handbook on Therapeutic Medicine 'Nineveh Medical Encyclopaedia'. A 2500-2600 year old handbook on medicine containing thousands of descriptions of diseases, symptoms, with therapeutic perscriptions. The British Museum with the support of Wellcome Trust are reconstructing The Encyclopaedia into English.
King Ashurbanipal's Library, North West Palace, Nineveh, Upper Mesopotamia revelling 'Nineveh Medical Encyclopaedia', still today.
That Special Gift for Him : an original cultural gift. The Ancient Near East, Short Stories, Maps, Sketches, Photographs, Where Time Began, Aleppo : lasting 3-6 months, Matthew was writing His Gospel and always walked for 3 weeks from Antioch to Tarsus perhaps, with a very expensive Aleppo for his best friends Peter, Paul, Apostles, still today. Book, Ancient Soap, Ancient History in Box, Click Store and scroll.
Celebrated Theatres of The Near East Bosra Theatre Southern Syria, Capital of The Roman Province of Arabia, Emperor Trajan 2nd Century CE, seating 15,000, Unesco World Heritage Site in danger !
The Library of Celsus, 12000 Scrolls !
The Library of Celsus, Ephesus, built in 117 CE. The repository having a capacity to hold 12,000 scrolls, a marble stairway, columns, four statues representing 'Wisdom', 'Virtue', 'Intelligence', 'Knowledge', building still standing, still today, Unesco World Heritage Site.Reconstruction :
The Library was destroyed in 262 CE perhaps by earthquake, fire, during a Gothic invasion. The facade was the only part of the Library to survive and then again by earthquake 10th-11th century. In 1970-78 German Archaeologist Volker Michael Strocka worked a reconstruction of the facade, process of anastylosis, ensuring every fragment was replaced, even the Statues were brought back from a Viennese Museum.
Celsus Library is one of the most beautiful structures in Ephesus built in 117 CE Commissioned in 114 CE by Tiberius Julius Acquila with provision to purchase scrolls in the amount of 23,000 Denarius and finished by his heirs. The library was built to commemorate his father Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus aged 70. Celsus had been a member of the Roman Senate and he was, from 105 to 107 CE, the proconsul of Ephesus. Celsus had also been Consul in Rome in 92 CE, where he was responsible for all public buildings. He was one of the richest businessmen in Ephesus. The library was then a fitting memorial and burial place for one of Ephesus’ grandees. Completed in 117 CE, Celsus was then entombed in a lead coffin encased in a marble sarcophagus decorated with high relief figures of Nike, Eros, rosettes and garlands. The sarcophagus was buried under the flooring near the apsidal wall.
The library of Celsus, Ephesus
Hadrian's Temple, Ephesus
Giza, Sphinx, cut from the bedrock, Egypt, (spiritual guardian), buried in sand until the early 1800's. A Genoese named Caviglia, sponsored by Henry Salt, British Consul, Egypt, attempted to dig out the statute with 160 men and failed. Reseachers, estimate that it would have taken 100 people 3 years to carve, until Egyptian Archaeologist Selim Hassan completed sand from the statute, as we see it today. 4,500 years, limestone, 240 feet long, 66 feet high. However, the Professors are still debating but, they know it was painted !
RADIATING GEM, GRAND EGYPTIAN MUSEUM, THROUGH THE VAST ALABASTER ENTRANCE ARCH, 12 GALLERIES NOW OPEN, MORE TO COME, ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY OVER 3,000 YEARS, AT THE FOOT OF THE PYRAMID OF GIZA, TUTANKHAMUN'S 5,000 TREASURES, SOLAR BARGE, 137 FEET LONG CEDARWOOD BOAT THAT WAS BURIED BESIDE THE GREAT PYRAMID, 2,467 BCE, A JOURNEY TO THE HEAVENS FOR PHARAOH KHUFU, WILL OPEN SOON, THE TREASURES OF QUEEN HETEPHERES, MOTHER OF THE BUILDER OF THE GREAT PYRAMID, 120 ACRES, 100,000 ARTEFACTS, MORE THAN 20 YEARS TO BUILD, 5,381,955 SQ FT, THE TOP OF THE BUILDING LIES LEVEL WITH THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA DESCENDING TO THE NILE VALLEY, THE MAIN ENTRANCE OF THE GRAND EGYPTIAN MUSEUM, WALK AMONG PHARAONIC STATUES, ANCIENT WALL PANTINGS, OLD KINGDOM, MIDDLE, NEW KINGDOMS, GREEKS, ROMANS.
THE GRAND EGYPTIAN MUSEUM, the world's largest Museum, radiating the story of Ancient History of Egypt ! last, of The Seven Wonders of The Ancient World !
Old Kingdom 2686-2125 BCE, Middle Kingdom 2055-1650 BCE, New Kingdom 1550 BCE.
The Great Pyramid : Stable workforce 5,000, temporary workers 20,000 three to four month period before returning home. Payment in the form of food, drink, medical attention, if you died whilst working you would be buried at the nearby cemetery.How wonderful to tell your children, grandchildren, where Time came from, where Oil in Soap started. The Egyptians respected The Sumerians where the formula for the area of a Triangle and Cube began, The Near East and Egypt admired The Sumerians, always in good communication throughout with its neighbours. Egyptians building one of The Seven Wonders of The Ancient World, 481 feet tall, today, 450 feet tall, 20 years to build, 5,000 skilled workers, 2.3 million stone blocks, one stone, 2.5 tons, laid every five minutes of every hour, 24 hours a day. For the whole of The Pyramid 6 million tons of stone was used, the Kings Chamber 25- 80 tons each stone. The Great Pyramid of Giza, the base of Giza 13 acres, the largest Egyptian Pyramid, Tomb of Fourth Dynasty Pharaoh Khufu, 2467 BCE, ruled 23 years, the oldest and last of 'The Seven Wonders of The Ancient World', still today. Over 100 Pyramids were built in Egypt. Quarrying, cutting Granite stone : Dolerite Pounders, fracturing, extracting large blocks of Granite. Copper Saws and drills, using sand abrasive, containing Quartz, enhancing cutting capacity. Water Wooden Wedges into holes in the Granite, expanding force, splitting the Granite. Paleotechnic Institute, Paris studying Djoser's Pryamid, Saqqara, 4,700 years, using an ingenious 'hydraulic lift’, generating water, lifting the stones ! University of Liverpool, Dept of Archaeology, Classics, French Institute studying Ramps ! Continuing History ! Where we are just beginning to understand !
Kate Spence, an Egyptologist at The University of Cambridge, has put forward a convincing theory that the architects of the Great Pyramid sighted on two stars (b-Ursae Minoris and z-Ursae Majoris), rotating around the position of the north pole, which would have been in perfect alignment in around 2467 BCE, the precise date when Khufu's pyramid is thought to have been constructed. This hypothesis is bolstered by the fact that inaccuracies in the orientations of earlier and later pyramids can be closely correlated with the degree to which the alignment of the two aforementioned stars deviates from true north.
2013, discovery of Wadi al Jarf, an ancient harbour, 4,500 years, (called 'The Bush' by Egyptians), on The Red Sea Coast, 50 to 70 years in the 4th Dynasty 2675–2545 BCE ), it is the earliest known harbour in the world, used for importing copper from Sinai for tools for working the stones on the pyramids. Discovery of 30 Papyri scrolls by Pierre Tallet, French, Egyptologist, Egyptian Egyptologists, Mark Lehner, Archaeologist which, recorded the days work activities by Inspector Merer's Diary, who was in charge of transportation,10 days, a working week, allowed three trips to site Kuhufu, 150 miles away, 67,000 limestone blocks : 30 limestone chambers for storage, 600 feet stone jetty, 130 anchors, a very busy port ! overseen by scribe Dedi ! Papyri scrolls now in The Cairo Museum.
Update : Radar technology : Radar Satellite imagery, historical maps, geophysical surveys, sediment coring, recovering evidence from samples to map the deep river branch, hidden rivers and ancient structures finding the ancient deep waterway, where 31 Pyramids, including Giza were built, now located in The Sahara Desert.The Research Team, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, Professor Eman Ghoneim, Dr Suzanne Onstine. The river branch named Ahramat, meaning Pyramids in arabic, 39 miles long, 656-2296 feet wide. Clever Egyptians, Clever River Nile, still today.The first Pharaoh that unified upper and lower Egypt was Narmer his birth name meaning 'Chisel, Catfish' and Menes was his honorific title meaning 'he who endures' perhaps, 3000 BCE. The word Pharoah means 'Great House' meaning the palace where The Pharaoh resides. Pharaoh Narmer, reigned perhaps, 62 years, incredibly, being killed by a hippopotamus. The work of Egyptologist Flinders Petrie ensured Narmer, Menes were one ! And Professor Alice Roberts even met The Director of all Pyramids of Egypt ! The Professor also confirming the First Right to Strike, Valley of The Kings, Queens, perhaps more than 3150 BCE, highly skilled Workers !
Pharaoh Hatshepsut : The Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahri, Thebes, Hieroglyphics
A thousand years after The Pyramids, Queen Hatshepsut (Hat-shep-soot) became Pharaoh, considered the most successful of all Pharaohs, reigned 21 years. She and her step-son Thutmose 111 became the power of Egypt when he was 3 years old and when he reached the age of 8 years old, Hatshepsut took officially the throne making her the Pharaoh. Hatshepsut, famous for building The Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahri, Thebes, incredible architecture and she commissioned Two Obelisks at Karnak, Egypt, one was 343 tons, red, pink granite stone, 93 feet tall. She died 1458 BCE, in her mid-forties. Pharaoh Hatshepsut was an experienced administrator, as she gained this experience from her Father and Brother, she made Egypt prosper. Flacon (vessel), containing not perfume, nor assistance to help with her Eczema, her Family had Psoriasis but, a carcinogenic, creosote, benzo substance caused her fatal bone cancer. Her Mummy reveals a 5 foot Woman, overweight, bad teeth, long hair of golden colour and red painted fingernails, suffering from arthritis, diabetes. The clever study of The Bonn University !And finally, the incredible find by The Team,12 years of work, Dr. Litherland, The New Kingdom Research Foundation, Cambridge University and Sherif Fathy, Egypt’s Antiquities Ministry.King Thutmose II's tomb was the last undiscovered royal tomb of the 18th Egyptian dynasty. His wife was Hatshepsut ! The British-Egyptian team, located in the Western Valleys of Theban Necropolis near the city of Luxor. Researchers had thought the burial chambers of the 18th dynasty pharaohs were more than one and a quarter miles away, closer to the Valley of the Kings. The Team found it in an area associated with the resting places of royal women, but when they got into the burial chamber they found it decorated - the sign of a pharaoh, as blue-painted ceilings with yellow stars are only found in kings tombs.
Researchers found Thutmose II's mummified remains two centuries ago but, its original burial site had never been located, the Tomb at Theban Necropolis was found to be empty, deliberately, due to flooding.
Dr. Litherland will now continue the search, with the hope that Treasures will be intact.Cleopatra was Queen, 18 years old, spoke nine languages, studied politics, economics, mathematics, she was a scientist, chemist and an expert in poisons. Her childhood tutor was Philostratus the Egyptian, a sophist philosopher and orator of Ancient Greek Arts. She continued her studies at the Mouseion in Alexandria (which included the famous Library of Alexandria), where she was educated by the leading scholars of the Hellenistic world. 21 years, she was in The Sinai Desert raising an army, plotting her return to the throne. Her brilliant manoeuvres won strategic alliances with Caesar and Antony, changing the course of history. The Ptolemaic period began in 305 BCE, one of Alexander the Great's generals became Ptolemy 1 Soter of Egypt and later of course, Cleopatra (fluent in Egyptian) 30 BCE, ends 275 years of Greek rule of Egypt, aged 39 years.
3200 BCE Hieroglyphs began ! Hieroglyphs : Sacred Carvings !Incredible to think, the largest Tomb in Egypt, was not occupied by a pharaoh but, a highly literate Scholar, a Priest, a Scribe, called Padiamenope. His Tomb dated 700 BCE took 20 years to build and is Egypt's largest collection of Hieroglyphs.The Rosetta Stone : The British Museum, the Stone is a broken part of a bigger stone slab.It has a message carved on it, written in three types of writing, Hieroglyphs, Demotic (language of the people) and Ancient Greek. 1799, it was found by Napolean Bonapart’s soldiers in Egypt by chance.The Stone became the property of The British, under the terms of The Treaty of Alexandria, upon Bonapart’s defeat, arriving in Portsmouth, England, 1802.Thomas Young (1773-1829), an English physicist, was one of the first to show that some of the Hieroglyphs on the Rosetta Stone wrote the sounds of a royal name , that of Ptolemy.Suddenly, Hieroglyphs could be translated because of Ancient Greek.The Father of Egyptology : 1822 Jean Francois Champollion, first to decipher Hieroglyphs in over a thousand years , working with the skilled craftsmen from the village of Deir el- Medineh, west of Thebes.Archaeologists have made a groundbreaking discovery in the necropolis of Saqqara, World Heritage Site, situated approximately 20 miles south of Cairo, as they unveil an ancient tomb carved into rock over 4000 years ago.
The remarkable find, recently confirmed by Egypt's Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, has been brought to light by a collaborative effort between Egyptian and Japanese archaeologists.
__The Fitzwilliam Museum : Egyptology, 16,000 Egyptian artifacts, incredible Seven-ton Sarcophagus, Lid of Ramesses 111.Ancient Near East: Gallery 23, 33, artifacts, 5,000 years (5,300 BCE-300 CE).
Mardin : The Persians, Assyrians and Romans allowed the Soaps to travel, the abundance of Pistachios, kernel of the apricot, favoured by Assyrian Queens and Princesses for their hair, the preference of King Charles 111, 40 centuries of soapmaking, still making history, still today.
STILL TODAY, THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST, THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM
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A Little History
UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE : DECEMBER 2024 ANNOUNCES 'INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF HUMANITY' TO ALEPPO AND NABULSI (NABLUS) SOAP, THE ANCIENT FERTILE CRESCENT, THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST, CONTINUING HISTORY, STILL TODAY, FROM ALEPPO AND NABLUS, PALESTINE.
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SUMERIANS created the Concept of Time, they implemented 60 parts because of division, fractions, still today, one of the world's greatest inventions. 60 is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60. Seconds, began in the 16th century, first mechanical clock.
MESOPOTAMIA : Mesopotamia, ancient Greek meaning 'land between two rivers' ( meso middle, potamos river ) the Tigris-Euphrates, both rivers run through the highland plateau of Anatolia, Euphrates 1740 miles, crosses true desert, Tigris 1180 miles, both rivers join and flow as the Shatt Al-Arab into The Persian Gulf. Genesis, the source of the four tributaries : Pishon, Gihon, Tigris, Euphrates, the biblical land known as Ancient Mesopotamia, perhaps The Garden of Eden, The Fertile Crescent, on The Silk Route, the rise of the first sophisticated civilisation of the world, WHERE TIME BEGAN, Sumerians : 60 parts, Babylonians : 60 seconds, 60 minutes, 360 degrees, The Map. Sumerians : Luna calendar 12 months, spear, bow, the wheel, glazed pottery, weaving cloth, the cart, the chariot, the sailboat, the plough, mathematics, architecture, sun-dried bricks, astronomy, astrology, agriculture, irrigation, cuneiform writing, monarchy, stamp seals, cylinder seals, copper tools, arrowheads, razors, swords, harpoons, maces, slings, clubs, oil in soap, beer made from barley sweetened with date syrup, Sumerians : The success, longevity, equals Irrigation. Sumerians : The concept of Time.
SUMERIANS : Ma'dan (Marsh Arabs).
SUMERIANS 5400 BCE-1750 BCE, 3650 YEARS, perhaps, although, the first sack of Sumer by Akkadian Empire 2350 - 2150 BCE, 200 years, beginning : First Cities Eridu, Uruk, Ubaid period, meaning a common culture, late Uruk Period, Early Dynastic Period, Third Dynasty of Ur, 1940 BCE end of Power of Sumerians, Elamite invasion and Amorite migration, fading out 1750 BCE. They created distillation by applying resin or, fat with alkali, elementary soapmaking, cleaning wounds and sores, they were excellent at washing wounds and preparation of poultices, they also used essence of cedar accomplished by distillation and the washing of the diseased part with beer and hot water. The birth of the first antiseptics, alcohol, honey and myrrh, the battle of humans and bacteria. Soap : an ancient product has saved more lives than penicillin, SUMERIANS 2200 BCE : WHERE OILS IN SOAP BEGAN.
SUMERIANS, four main classes : Priests, Upper Class which, included The Royals, Lower Class and Slaves. Unchanged words of The Sumerians, still today, crocus (flower), Saffron (colour and spice). Sumerians were paid for their work, women had the freedom to work and able to set-up their own business. Being a Brewer created considerable wealth, autonomy, influence. One Brewer Kubaba became ruler of Kish, 2500 BCE, the only woman recorded to have such power, the first and only Queen among The Sumerian rulers. However, women mentioned the most in ancient texts were priestesses they frequently ruled city-states as 'Ensí' (designated ruler of a city-state), their power exceeded all but, a few of men (the secular leader was called Lugal meaning 'The Strongman'). However, the first recorded Physicians 2700 BCE were Women. The Royal Court had Women Physicians 2500 BCE, 'Peseht' know as Lady Overseer of Female Physicians. Also referenced were Female Dentists, Doctors in Ancient Mesopotamian texts. Priestesses served as the first Dentists, Doctors, they had to be celibate.
Clothing : Sheepskin & Wool, Men wore Kilt-like Skirts. Women, long dresses, Jewellry, rings, Braided (long) Hair and Men and Women even wore makeup.
For Play : Music gatherings : Drums, Lyres (u-shaped frame with strings attached), Flutes, Harps.
Children’s Play : Tops & Jump Ropes.
Sports : Boxing & Wrestling.
Fun Games : Board Games, Games of Chance using Dice.SUMERIANS : planting date orchards 3,000 BCE, planting date palm trees 100 feet tall, 200 years, to give shade whilst quenching their thirst with Barley Beer sweetened with date syrup.
SUMERIANS, before 2,200 BCE where oil in soaps began, Sumerians used tallow and ash for personal hygiene valued for one’s standing in the community and honouring their gods. Sumerians personal hygiene was a matter of presentable performance to their gods and duties. 2,200 BCE SUMERIAN text : their knowledge was that Soap had medical benefits. 2,200 BCE SUMERIAN PRIESTS : used Oil in Soap for medical benefits.
History written on Clay Tablets, The Sumerian King List, lengths of their reigns, where sources had to be found, as Sumer was devoid of Timber, Stone, Minerals. Regular travels, Oman, Indus Valley : Gold, Gemstones, Anatolia, Phoenicia : Cedar Wood.
Logic, Mathematics, Scientific Process : Sumerians, Babylonians were able to follow the movement of the Stars, Planets, Moon, predicting the movements of several Planets. They had a wide knowledge of Mathematics : Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Quadratic, Cubic Equations, Fractions, Geometric Shapes, Circumference, Area, Rectangles, Circles, Triangles, Even Pi ! 1800 BCE clay tablets showing multiplication, division tables, square, square root tables, tables of compound interest. Babylonian Clay Tablets, astronomers calculations, tracking Jupiter across the Sky, using Geometric calculations. The Egyptians in 1650 BCE, Rhind Papyrus, they even worked out Pi, written by a Scribe named Ahmes, 1000 years before Pythagora's Theorem.
Ram Caught in a ThicketA picture of Ancient Sumerian Art and Civilisation : 'The Royal Standard of UR', 'Treasures of The Royal Tombs of UR', 'Ram Caught in a Thicket', a statuette, Lapis Lazuli, Gold and Shell depicting a standing animal nibbling a bush, The intact tomb of a woman called 'Pu-abi', a Queen, wearing a magnificent headdress.
1922-1934 Leonard Woolley, The British Museum, The University Museum Philadelphia, National Museum Baghdad.
Ziggurat, Ur, 2100 BCE
Ascending stairway Ziggurat, Ur, 2100 BCE
A trench adjacent to the ruined Ziggurat revealed burials, gold jewelry, precious stones, 1800 graves, clay coffins, however, 16 coffins were very different, a Queen confirmed by a cuneiform cylinder seal named Pu-abli, surrounded by serving ladies crowding the floor around, two hundred finely crafted objects of Metal, Stone, Wood. UR, perhaps Abraham's birthplace.
Queen Pu-abi, Headdress 2600-2500 BCE, Early Dynastic 111 Period.
The Penn Museum : Ornate headdress and a pair of earrings found with the body of Queen Pu-abi in the Royal Cemetery at Ur. The headdress is made up of 20 gold leaves, two strings of lapis and carnelian, and a large gold comb. She wore chokers, necklaces, and large lunate-shaped earrings. Her upper body was covered by strands of beads made of precious metals and semi-precious stones that stretched from her shoulders to her belt. Ten rings decorated her fingers. A diadem or fillet made up of thousands of small lapis lazuli beads with gold pendants depicting plants and animals on a table near her head.The first Ziggurats pre-date The Egyptian Pyramids by 1000 years, Ziggurats influencing The Pyramids. 2100 BCE Ziggurat, at Ur, built by King Ur-Nammu, Third Dynasty of Ur. The four cardinal points, the summer soltice, gods & goddesses, treasuries, workshops, at a height of 98 feet perhaps. Sumerian engineers, First Ventilation : they bored square holes on the outer walls to allow for evaporation, walls were built at a slight slant allowing rain to escape, The Temple at the top was built of baked mud bricks, pointed with bitumen, naturally occurring tar. Only 30% of excavations have been made at Ur. King Nabonidus 550 BCE decided to build seven tiers, at UR, instead of the original three tiers matching Etemenanki. Perhaps, 25 Ziggurats were built on The Plains of Ancient Mesopotamia.
Shulgi of Ur, 2095-2047 BCE, ( Ur 111 period) considered the greatest King of Mesopotamia, he reigned 48 years. He reformed scribal schools and increased literacy and being a musician encouraged musical performance in others. He improved roads and built new ones with places where travellers could stop, constructed 155 mile road, a national Calendar, standardised time-keeping, same day and time over his Kingdom. Agriculture, he standardised weights and measures bringing fair trade and taxed The Temples. The King was noted for his running from Nippur to Ur, 100 miles there and back for religious festivals.
Sumerians : The Barton clay cylinder 4,500 years, at the site of Nippur, now housed in The University of Pennsylvania Museum, cuneiform inscribed with confirmation of romantic kissing and more, 1000 years before India inscribes.
The First Author known by name in History : The Great Poet-Priestess Enheduanna meaning Ornament of Heaven who appeared to have worked as a Priestess for 40 years, who signed her name to a set of 3 Poems she wrote about her gods & goddesses and composer of 42 Temple Hymns. She is noted at The Penn Museum : Calcite Disc, 2300 BCE with a view of her profile. The woman known for her headdresses where she would dine with men, as her equal. Her Father was Sargon of Akkad, 2350-2150 BCE, Mesopotamia.
The Concept of 24 Hours : Sumerians influencing The Egyptians, they tracked a series of 36 constellations, known as Decans, which rise consecutively over The Horizon at approximately 40 minute intervals, each Decan the start of a new hour. A 10 day period began with the appearance of a new Decan in the Eastern Sky before Dawn. 2100 BCE, Egyptians created a unified calendar consisting of 36 decades, 360 day year, so they could predict annual flooding of The Nile and by 1550-1070 BCE, set of 24 Stars, 12 day time, 12 night time, a 24 hour day. 1500 BCE Egyptians invent The Sundial. However, the most accurate timekeeping device was 'The Clepsydra', water clock, 1450-1380 BCE found at Karnak Temple 1904 Egypt, an alabaster vessel, which was filled with water that simply leaked at the bottom, shaped, so the water falls at a uniform rate, Cairo Museum. Hipparchus,147-127 BCE, a fixed time period by dividing the day into 24 Equinoctial hours, 12 and 12 observed on Equinox days. Hipparchus was influenced by The Babylonians, Sexagesimal base 60, who were influenced by The Sumerians. Natron, a naturally occurring salt found in Wadi el Natrun, dessert, west of the Delta Nile, 75 feet below sea level, 125 feet below The Nile, used as a desiccant in the mummification process found in storage jars, Tutankhamun's enbalming cache.
FIRST USE OF SOAP RECORDED ON A CUNEIFORM TABLET GIRSU, a City of Ancient Sumer 2,500 BCE, Girsu project : The British Museum, State Board of Antiques & Heritage (SBAH), Paul Getty Trust and Museum. The remains of The Lost Palace & Temple of The Kings of Girsu, statuary of the ruler Gudea and a bridge built of baked brick, the oldest bridge in The Ancient World. Soap, used for removing lanolin from sheep, alkalis from burned wood and fats equals saponification, water absorbs the alkali from the ash 'leaching' creating impure soap. The Sumer City of Ur would call up to 10,000 to labour, dominated by women producing four hundred tons of wool each year. First known recipe of soap one quart of oil, six quarts of potash equals impure soap. The first evidence of soap being used to clean the skin, cuneiform tablet found in Hattusha a Unesco World Heritage Site, the Hittite Capital 1750 BCE - 1200 BCE, located in Boğazkale District of Çorum Province. The first recorded evidence of soap production written in cuneiform on a clay tablet 2800 BCE, Sumerians. 2200 BCE, Sumerians (where oils in soap began), a formula of soap consisting of water, alkali (ash) and cassia oil (cinnamomum) was written on a clay tablet (two thousand years before The Silk Route opened). King Nabonidus, Neo-Babylonian 6th century BCE : ashes, cypress extract, sesame oil (antibacterial, antiviral) written on clay cylinders Ur.
The importance of Soap in our world. Tadpole-molecules, mixed with water molecules form spherical structures, 'micelles,' around droplets of dirt, water hating 'hydrophobic' tails pointed inwards, water loving 'hydrophilic' heads pointing outwards. The outside of the 'micelle' is soluble so, washes away, along with dirt trapped in the middle. Soap, has saved more lives than penicillin, enabling our existence, doesn't just make cities healthier, it makes them possible, enabling our existence.
BABYLONIANS : The rise to power of The Babylonians in Mesopotamia around 1894 BCE, known as 'Old Babylonian Period’. 1792-1750 BCE sixth King Hammurabi of The Amorites, First Dynasty of Babylon, The Stele, 282 Laws, a vertical diorite monument, eight feet tall, inscribed with text, Musée du Louvre, however, 400 years before, Third Dynasty of UR, King Ur-Nammu creates his code of law, dealing with Witchcraft, the Flight of Slaves, Bodily Injuries, Sumerian Cuneiform Tablet. Later, Neo-Babylonian period 626 BCE - 539 BCE. Babylon, Unesco World Heritage Site.
The sophisticated Babylonians : The Yale Babylonian Collection houses four tablets three, Old Babylonian period, one dated 730 BCE with recipes, stews, soups and pies. Elamite broth with dill, Babylonian chicken pie, dough, bird, Babylonian béchamel sauce. Saffron, coriander, parsley, chard and fish sauce from The Tigris, Euphrates. Lamb stew, barley cakes, onion, Persian shallots, milk, leek, garlic. The impressive collection 45,000 inscribed documents, Ancient Mesopotamia housed in 'The Yale Babylonian Collection' overseen by The Peabody Museum of Natural History.
Babylonians, Cleverness : housed at The Columbia University 1800 BCE Babylonian clay tablet (Plimpton 322), a Trigonometric Table more than 1000 years before Pythagoras's Theorem and later Astronomer Hipparchus, more accurate, still today. Babylonians used base 60 which, permitted accurate fractions describing the shapes of right angle triangles, based on ratios, not angles and circles. Calculations, Geometry.
Incredible to believe by some Historians : Old Babylonian Empire 1894 - 1595 BCE, 299 years. Neo - Babylonian Empire 626 - 539 BCE, just 87 years, 386 years.
Incredible to believe by other Historians : Old Babylonian Empire 2004 - 1595 BCE, 409 years. Neo - Babylonian Empire 625 - 539 BCE, just 86 years, 495 years.
Pergamonmuseum, Berlin, incredible !
BABYLON, Mesopotamia : the eighth gate to the inner City, The Ishtar Gate 575 BCE, one of The Seven Wonders of The Ancient World, a Unesco World Heritage Site, where eighty five percent of Babylon remains unexcavated, still today, 2605 acres, 6 and a half miles of outer walls, 262 feet wide moat, 5 miles of inner City walls. ISHTAR GATE : 164 feet from end gate to end gate, each side of the gate consisted of nineteen, 39 feet high wall sections. The gates measured more than 38 feet high with a vast antechamber on the southern side. Etemenanki : Babylon’s largest Ziggurat 298 feet high cited in Ancient Greek accounts as The Temple of Belus and the probable inspiration for The Tower of Babel 298 feet high, described on a Babylonian Clay Tablet, translated by George Smith. The Processional Way : New Year celebrations, over a half a mile long, with walls over 50 feet tall on each side built by order of The King Nebuchadnezzar 11 dedicated to The Babylonian goddess Ishtar. In the works of Greek historians Babylon was distant, exotic and incredible. Greek historian Herodotus, declaring 'Overwhelmingly opulent, the walls so broad chariots could race around them'. Implementers of The Seven Wonders of The World, of the known Ancient World : Herodotus, Philo of Byzantium his work 'On Seven Wonders' 225 BCE, Callimachus of Cyrene Architect, Writer, Chief of The Library of Alexandria, Diodorus Siculus Ancient Greek Historian, Antipater of Sidon, Greek Writer, Poet 2nd century BCE begins the official listing replacing The Ishtar Gate for The Lighthouse of Alexandria, First Lighthouse of The Ancient World 'Pharos of Alexandria', the blazing inferno 393 feet, each night, for a 1000 years.
First Lighthouse of The Ancient World 'Pharos of Alexandria', commissioned by Ptolemy 11 Philadelphus, built 279 BCE, by Sostratus of Cnidus, the source of light was an enormouse open fire at its summit 393 feet high, mirrors to reflect sunlight for miles out to sea, the remains of Statues, Stone Sphinxes, sections of The Lighthouse, 3100 objects over years of searching, lay still in the waters, it stood for more than a thousand years, replacing The Ishtar Gate (walls of Babylon), as one of The Seven Wonders of The Ancient World. The perfect seven wonders of The Ancient World lasted 60 years together, before destruction one, by one ! with only one standing Giza, Egypt, still today.
Babylon : Etemenanki (House of the Foundation of Heaven on Earth), Ziggurat, also known as, The Temple of Belus, The Tower of Babel, described on a Babylonian Clay Tablet, translated by George Smith.The Tower of Babel had seven stages, the lowest tower was 298 feet square and the whole was 298 feet high, originally built by King Hammurabi, 17 million fired bricks. Under King Nebuchadnezzer 11 the restoration and enlargement of Etemenanki took 43 years to complete. Alexander the Great cleared rubble from the destruction of Etemenanki using 10 thousand labourers before his fever and death at Nebuchadnezzar's Summer Palace. Ziggurat, influencing the development of The Pyramids.
The first handmade olive oil, pistachio oil, laurel berry oil and almond oil soaps traded on The Silk Route at a time when Jesus was born, Roman Emperors, Kings, Queens, Princesses, Pharaohs of Egypt reigned : Sumerians, Akkadians, Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Persians, Alexander the Great's greatest expansionism of the know Ancient World.
The Seleucid Empire 323-64 BCE, after the death of Alexander the Great, his conquered territories were divided between his generals, know as 'Diadochi', Alexander's friend Seleucus Nicator 312-281 BCE became King of the Eastern Provinces.
The Ptolemaic period began in 305 BCE, one of Alexander the Great's generals became Ptolemy 1 Soter of Egypt and later of course, Cleopatra (fluent in Egyptian) 30 BCE, ends 275 years of Greek rule of Egypt. And of course, history could have been re-written if Alexander the Great of Macedon, had survived his 33 years after conquering Macedon-India. He died 323 BCE while suffering a high fever that lasted 10 days, Summer Palace, Babylon. Ptolemy I Soter, needed to link himself to Alexander so, he simply hijacked the funeral train and hearse containing Alexander's Mummy travelling from Babylon to Macedonia, travelling first to Memphis, then onto the new capital of Egypt, Alexandria. In the middle of Alexandria was Soma, the Necropolis of The Ptolemies where Alexander was rested. Roman Emperor, Caesar Augustus, Octavian, paid his respects after the conquest of Egypt at Alexandria, 30 BCE. Ptolemies : 275 years.
Perhaps Professor Alice Roberts colleague Kathleen Martinez, archaeologist, criminal Lawyer, who has been searching for 20 years, Ancient Taposiris Magna Temple, 2000 acre site, west of Alexandria, her current findings : Tunnel 4281 feet long, stretching 6.5 feet tall, 43 feet underground, beneath The Mediterranean Sea, extracting massive volume of sand from the Tunnel, three sanctuaries, a sacred lake, 1500 objects, busts, statues, golden pieces, coins portraying Alexander the Great, Cleopatra, Ptolemies, looking for Queen Cleopatra's burial site, perhaps even Mark Antony, perhaps the enactment of Isis and Osiris, immortality ! Update : The discovery of an intact tomb at Taposiris Magna giving confidence of finding Cleopatra, two mummies of high status that would have been decorated in gold leaf proving that they were top society people. Robert Ballard, discoverer of Titanic, Ocean Exploration Trust has been asked by Kathleen Martinez to assist. Blockage in The Tunnel has resulted with a Mapping of Alexandria Seashore resulting in finding a Submerged Port, now, Divers and The Egyptian Navy are investigating. Further Update : While awaiting her next Permit Season, structures have been found nearly 10 feet tall in The Mediterranean Sea, Basalt (fine grained rock) has been found, which, was found previously, Temple 1, in Statues, Five further points will need investigation reaching out as far as 6.2 miles into The Mediterranean Sea. Further update : Taposiris Magna Temple - Great Tomb of Osiris. Ptolemy tombs still to be located. Cleopatra proclaimed herself to be the reincarnation of the goddess Isis. The search for The Foundation Plate giving key information, date of construction of The Temple and why it was built. Discovery of a second Temple adjacent unearthing coins of Cleopatra displaying her face on one side. The main Temple discovery of a Processional Avenue leading into the Mediterranean Sea. Incredibly, The Foundation Plate was found reading ‘The King of high and low Egypt Ptolemy V lives forever, beloved by Isis, son of Ptolemy IV King of high and low Egypt and his wife Arsenoe III, both benevolent gods, consecrated this Temple to the Mother Isis.’ Proving without maps that the Temple was built for the goddess. Knowing that there would be two temples one male, one female the search under The Mediterranean Sea began, knowing that Alexandria's ancient port was submerged under the water. Robert Ballard, discoverer of the location of Titanic invited by Kathleen Martinez for assistance, the team located the submerged Alexandria finding three 10 feet structures in an area of land with basalt, which was used in statues in the main Temple. Five further areas of interest have been discovered which, will take the project 6.2 miles out from the port of Alexandria. Egyptologists, believe that all 14 Ptolemy's from Alexander to Cleopatra are buried in the ancient port of Alexandria which is now submerged underwater. The tunnel is a facsimile of Eupalinos Tunnel, Samos, Greece that was built as an aqueduct for 1000 years. Incredible : The remains of a Lighthouse in Taposiris Magna, a smaller facsimle of Pharos of Alexandria. Further update : Archaeologist Kathleen Martinez, Temple found near a tunnel system connecting Lake Mariout to the Mediterranean Sea. Findings : a Bust of a royal woman, striped head cloth worn by Pharaohs, 337 Coins, some representing Cleopatra, ceremonial Pottery, oil lamps, bronze Statues, limestone container for Cosmetics and an Amulet inscribed with the phrase ‘The justice of RA (ancient Egyptian god of the sun) has risen'. The discoveries date the Temples construction to the 1st century BCE, the late Ptolemaic period.
Note : Howard Carter, opening Tutankhamun's Tomb 1922 : 'The Pharaoh's Curse' 22 people died, now known to be due to Radiation. Written in ancient Egyptian texts those who disturb the mummified remains would suffer death by a disease that no doctor can diagnose.
A mummy, known as the 'Untouchable' was discovered nearly a century ago in the Valley of the Kings. Archaeologist, Egyptologist Howard Carter made the discovery in 1919, three years before Tutankhamun find. The method used to tie the embalming cloths of this ancient corpse has not been used on any other mummy. The wrapping of the fabrics has created an intricate pattern on the mummy's face which resembles the architectural design of Egypt's famous pyramids. The amount of precision and finesse in the mummy's cloth suggests that this individual was a very important figure in ancient Egyptian society. But, the identity of the body remains unknown, as opening the mummified cloths to study it may irreparably damage this unique mummification technique. He measures 5 feet 6 inches, Bashiri, Neno have been identifyed inside his tomb but, we know he was a wealthy and an important person estimated 2nd, 3rd century BCE. Awaiting the technology to identify this Mummy !
Alexander the Great : founded many cities bearing his name, including Alexandria, Egypt where he instructed his architect Dinocrates of Rhodes to draw up a plan of Alexandria based on an irregular quadrilateral plan. He ruled for 12 years, 8 months. He died 13th June 323 BCE, after conquering a vast Empire : Greece, Egypt, India and everything in between, one language, one culture, one coinage !
Aigai, Northern Greece, The Royal dynasty of The Argead also called Temenids, the family of Philip 11, son Alexander the Great, where the unlooted tomb of Philip 11 rests, Unesco World Heritage Site.
343 BCE Philip 11 of Macedonia invites philosopher Aristotle to teach his 13 year old son Alexander. Aristotle taught Philosophy, Medicine, Scientific Investigations, Logic, Astronomy, Meteorology, Zoology, Metaphysics, Theology, Psychology, Politics, Economies, Ethics, Rhetoric, Poetics, the systematic disciplines. Incredible Aristotle : knowing that the existence of many of these subjects did not exist before him. Socrates taught Plato, Plato taught Aristotle, Aristotle, taught Alexander and gave him the works of Homer which, Alexander carried on all his campaigns, Homer's lliad was his favourite poem.
The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, Philology, University College London (UCL), created 1892, at the bequest of writer Amelia Edwards, 1831-1892. First, 'Edwards' Professor, William Finders Petrie 1853-1942 : earliest pieces of Egyptian Linen, 5000 BCE, Metal, Iron beads, cylinder seal 3500 BCE, oldest Wills on papyrus, oldest Gynaecological papyrus, oldest Veterinary papyrus, Ancient Egypt, Architectural Shrine drawing 1300 BC, Costume, oldest Dress, long sleeve Robes 2400 BCE, Suit of Armour, Palace of Memphis, Roman Socks and Sandals, Art, Akhenaten's City at Amarna, Tiles, Carvings, Frescoes, largest collection, Roman Mummy portraits, 1-2 centuries CE, Documented Excavations, The Large Typological series of Objects, The People of The Nile Valley.
GALEN OF PERGAMUM : 129-210 CE, Philosopher, Greek Physician, Surgeon, Personal Physician of The Emperors summoned by Marcus Aurelius 169 CE at the age of 40 years back to Rome, later serving Commodus and Septimius Severus, Chief Physician for the treating of wounds to the gladiator school in Pergamum. Discoverer, that urine was formed in the kidney (as opposed to the bladder which, was common belief) and arteries carried blood, not air ( as had been taught for 400 years). His theories dominated medicine for 1500 years.He was a prolific writer 300 titles of works, 150 survive today. His 12 years of learning the doctrines of ancient medicine : Corinth (medical school), Pergamum (medical school), journeying through Cilicia, Antioch, Aleppo, Smyrna (medical school) to the greatest medical school of the Ancient World, Alexandria (5 years of studying) declaring to his patients the importance of hygiene and the healing powers of the oils in soap (antiseptic, anti-itching, antibacterial). Galen was cognisant Soap had medical benefits because of ancient civilisation knowledge. 2,200 BCE SUMERIAN PRIESTS : Sumerian Priests used oil in soap for medical benefits, written on clay tablets : the greatest medical discovery in human history. Galen collected plants with healing properties for debates of their uses. Galen’s final works were written after 207 CE, which suggests that his Arab biographers were correct in their claim that he died at age 87, in 216-217 CE, either in Pergamum or, Sicily.
ZOSIMOS OF PANOPOLIS 3rd century CE, unanimously recognised as the greatest of the Graeco-Egyptian alchemists, investigates the composition and chemical changes that occurred in the water and oils, describing soap and soapmaking, Centuries later, still handmade today, remarkably, from the same historical areas, as the Soapmakers continue making history; hand-cut, dried stored for months being traditionally produced by hand through the generations of families, with only natural ingredients, unchanged throughout the centuries.
THE SILK ROUTE : The Merchants of Antioch earned their reputation for hundreds of years from the sale of silk, soap, glass, spices, cotton, dyeing, tanning, furs, wine, vineyards produced the City's wine but, produced much to export with The Orontes River (coming from the east), busy with olive oil, wine and rich fishing (eels for the poor), bread (wheat for the wealthy, barley for the poor), pepper, copper tools, metal, clay and the appalling trade of Slaves. Caravans of camels loaded with jewels and spices from Cappadocia, Persia, India, Arabia travelled through the City where exchanges on a large scale were conducted. Trading under 1400 Roman columns, 18 feet tall and porticoes for two and a half miles (two and a half times Oxford Street), using their vegetable oil filled lamps each night to light up The Colonnaded Street for more than 800 years. Hedonistic Antioch, 'Queen of the East' of the known Ancient World, the City of up to 500,000 people (115 CE), patrolled by Roman Legionaries, where residents used their oil filled lamps outside their homes (where rich houses were almost always three stories) increasing the illumination of the City at night, Hellenistic art, a Fusion of Greek and Near East Artistry. Persian Sogdian Traders travelled and spoke the language of Sogdiana for hundreds of years from Chang'an (perpetual peace), Han Dynasty, Samarkand to Antioch the third largest City of The Roman Empire. Antioch's large Jewish population occupied their quarter called The Kerateion at the southern end of Antioch between the Cherubim Gate, 1st century CE, later, the Daphne Gate by the river Phyrminus, where Hadrian was in command of the army of the East. Commissioned by the 9th Emperor Vespasian establishing The Praetorian Fleets : Classis (Fleet) Syriaca. Classis (Fleet) Mesopotamica. Patrolling Antioch (Selucia, seaport) to Alexandria, reinforced, if necessary, with 200 ships from Classes Praetoriae. Emperor Hadrian (Imperator) nominated by his legions of the East, Antioch, 11th August 117 CE, 41 years old, 11 months later he journeyed to Rome arriving 9th July 118 CE. The Roman Empire reaching its most expansionism upon the death of Emperor Trajan, where Emperor Hadrian stabilises The Empire for the next 21 years, the third of the five Good Emperors.
THE VESPASIANUS - TITUS TUNNEL (The Dam), 1st century CE, ANTONINUS PIUS completes, 2nd century CE (Unesco Tentative Listing) . 10th Legion Engineers, built by Roman Legionaries, Sailors and skilled Jewish Prisoners, more than three quarters of a mile digging into The Nur Mountains. The longest handmade dug tunnel in history, preserved authenticity, without damage still today, ensuring Antioch's seaport Seleucia from silting-up, flooding and water supply during summer.
The Vespasianus - Titus Tunnel
2640 BCE procuring silk2640 BCE, Chinese ancient writings, 'Historical Classic’, a work which existed before Confucius because it is quoted by him, the tribute of 'YU', cultural Hero of The Chinese People, who flourished 2,200 BCE. In his days, the Mulberry was spoken as a well known production and Silk obtained therefrom, so Silk must have been discovered before him. In the reign of Hwangte his Empress discovered Silk, the implementer of silk; by chance, a silkworm cocoon fell from a mulberry tree into her tea cup unwrapping the silk and strong but, soft thread. The Yellow Emperor wore white Silk at the Imperial Palace during the day and Yellow Silk at night, a class distinction. Silk : perhaps 5000 silkworms to make a silk dress, perhaps, 5000 silkworms make a pure Kimono, bioderadable, no other fabric comes close to its softness. Ancient Greek word for Silk People 'Seres' China, The Land of Silk. Unesco World Heritage Site status listed thirty three named places, where The Silk Route Began, Chang'an-The Tian-Shan Corridor.
Permission was granted to trade outside of China for the first time and later, silk for gold with The Roman Empire. Chang'an, (perpetual peace),Capital of China-Antioch, 3rd largest City of The Roman Empire on the Mediterranean waters, 4,025 miles. Han Dynasty's Emperor Wu Di 138 BCE sends explorer Zhang Qian, as diplomat, envoy, to the West opening The Silk Route. By 102 BCE China controlled traffic and taxes at Tun-Huang Oasis later, called Dunhuang Oasis. Traders from the West were compelled to wait until Chinese soldiers checked for silkworms or, cocoons. The Roman Empire's Pliny the Elder 'At least a hundred million sesterces flow out of the empire every year to India, China and Arabia, that is how much luxury and women cost us'. Yellow silk : a class distinction. 550 CE : Emperor Justinian Ist sends two emissaries (Nestorian monks) to China to smuggle silkworm eggs, hidden in a bamboo cane packed with straw keeping them dormant, tired of paying exorbitant silk prices. The beginning of Sericulture (silk farming).
'Han' the name of The Chinese People. Han Chinese dominant ethnic group, China, still today. By the 1st century BCE silk reached Rome, initiating the first 'Silk Route’. Pliny, writing about silk, thought it was made from the down of trees. The Silk Route, Chang'an 2nd Century BCE, capital of China, Han Dynasty observing thirty three listed names : capital cities, palaces, Khan Kingdoms, trading settlements, Buddist cave Temples, ancient paths, beacon towers, parts of The Great Wall, fortifications, religious buildings, Where The Silk Route Began, Chang'an - Tian-Shan Corridor a Unesco World Heritage Site. The Parthians from Persia (274BCE-224CE) allowed silk to travel through their Empire trading ostrich eggs for silk.The Roman Emperor Augustus (ruled 27 BC-14 CE) was the first from Europe to arrive in China confirmed by Roman Historian, Poet Florus. 166 CE, rumour reported at the time an emissary from Andun (China) on behalf of Emperor Marcus Aurelius brought gifts of ivory, tortoiseshell, rhinoceros horn to the Chinese. Romans are believed by some to have made it as far east as the Gobi Desert. The people in Liqian, a village in Gansu Province in western China on the fringes of the Gobi Desert, near the Qilian mountains, say they are descendants of Romans and say the curly hair, straight noses, and light-coloured eyes that some of them have proved it.The Romans that made it to China are said to have been soldiers under Crassus a Roman leader who formed the First Triumvirate with Julius Caesar and Pompey who survived a battle against the Parthians in Syria and Persia and then made their way east, working as mercenaries for the Huns, until they were captured by Chinese troops during a Chinese attack on the Hun ruler Zhizhi, Uzbekistan. Han Dynasty, five immense innovations : Porcelain, (Eastern Han Dynasty), Gunpowder, Paper, Printing, Compass. Paper arriving first in Samarkand as late as 700 CE destined for Europe.
The Nomadic, Mongol, Turkie Tribes, Xiongnu (known as Huns), The Han Dynasty protecting themselves from the raiders. The Dynasty only had a small pony breed and rumour of the 'Heavenly Horses' at The Ferghana Valley, north west China, Tian Shan Mountains was irresistible. An order was given by Emperor Wu Di for Zhang Qian,100 men to travel towards the notorious Taklamakan Desert (meaning you will not come out alive), Zhang Qian was taken prisoner for over 10 years returning 3 years later to Chang'an with only one man by his side. Emperor Wu Di was aghast that the Ferghana Horses were strong and large, also learning of Persia and South East India. 60,000 men were despatched lead by Zhang Qian, Ferghana Horses finally arrived in China.
The Silk Route : stability : stabilised by The Roman Empire, The Han Dynasty, The Parthians and Kushans, a Tribe from North Western China.
Chang'an : Silk Route arrivals each day : furs, precious stones, ivory, grapes (Greek speaking region, near Bactria), famous for its vineyards, precious Jade from the mountains of The Tarim Basin, with The Chinese now calling The Empire 'Da Qin', The Roman Empire.
SILK : The silkworms : the caterpillar, of a large flightless moth, Bombyx Mandarina (wild silk moth), when changing from caterpillar to moth the silk worm spins a cocoon around itself for protection. The inner part of the cocoon is a continuous strand of a fine silk that can measure up to 2952 feet, this strand then entwined with 14 others produces the silken thread which, can then be woven into SILK CLOTH. Antioch : Silk, the height of fashion amongst The Aristocracy. Rome : Insatiable for Silk, arriving 1st Century BCE. However, Silk has been traced back to Neolithic, China, fragments found 3630 BCE. Articles of Silk have been excavated from Hubei Tomb, Marquis Yi of Zeng, 433 BCE, 234 fragments found. Discovery of a Child's Silk Shroud, carbon dated 5000 years ago, sericulture at a local level. The excavated remnants of sericulture, discovered in archaeological sites along the Yellow River have shown definitive evidence that, as early as 5000 years ago, people living there had accomplished the domestication of the wild silkworm and the invention of tools for reeling, spinning and weaving of silk, a long, slow and arduous process of experimentation and discovery.
EMPEROR QIN SHI HUANGDI 259-210 BCE
Findings of The Terracotta Army : March,1974, the collection of terracotta warriors was discovered in Xian, China. Local farmers came across pieces of clay figures, the discovery of an ancient tomb, vast in size. The tomb was ordered to be built by Qin Shi Huangdi, the first Emperor of China.The portion containing his remains are still unexcavated. In the part of the tomb that has been excavated, thousands of sculptures of horses, warriors in full armour stand in battle formation. The warriors are life-size, six feet tall. The sculptures weigh up to 600 pounds each. Each warrior has unique characteristics : facial features, hairstyle, clothing, and pose. The warriors in Xian remain in their original positions facing east, the direction from which the Emperor’s enemies had come. The ancient army was stationed just east of a necropolis surrounding the tomb of Qin Shi Huangdi, standing guard during the emperor’s afterlife. Figures of acrobats, musicians, concubines would entertain the emperor through eternity.An ancient imperial capital and eastern departure point of the Silk Route, Xi’an (formerly Chang’an) .The central location of Xi'an in what is now the Shaanxi Province, near the confluence of the Wei and Feng Rivers, The first unified Chinese Empire, the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE), had its capital just north of the current city, where the impressive tomb complex of the Qin Emperors was discovered, famously containing more than 7,000-8,000 terracotta statues spread over 21.6 square miles. Qin Shi Huangdi, a brutal ruler, 49 years old, 210 BCE, to reach immortality the alchemist pills contained mercury, poisoning him. After 500 years of wars in China, he unified the country.
Précis : The Great Wall, unified measuring, weights, language, road widening system, irrigation systems, canals, new coins for payment throughout China, standardised chinese script.
Précis : Tyrannical monster, he buried 460 scholars alive, executed confucianism, mercury would give him immortality, findings of high level mercury found around sealed mausoleum.
Précis : Two bronze chariots, war chariot, peace chariot, gold and silver canopy poles, horse bridles, tack, a thousand layer shoes, non slip, moving nimbly on different terrains, warriors clothes, purple, red, green, fragments of their clothing unearthed showing original colouring still largely intact, no two ears were strictly the same shape, a large number of warriors came from north west China, Rong people.
FOUND ENCASED IN A WOODEN BOX, 66 FEET WEST OF QIN SHI HUANGDI MAUSOLEUM, FOUND 1983, AFTER 2,000 YEARS
Précis : He gained power at 13 years old, King of Qin. Over 700,000 workers constructed the warriors and all items in the complex taking 36-40 years to complete, 7000-8000 warriors,130 chariots, 670 horses, Unesco World Heritage Site.
Précis : The Incredible Untruth : Epang Palace, located on the river wei, south of ancient Xianyang, the gallery seating 10,000, walkways reaching the mountains to the south !
The Qin were succeeded by the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE), who began the construction of Chang’an. It was under the Han Emperor Wu Di (141-87 BC) that first marked the beginnings of the Silk Route. Chang'an was the capital of Ten Dynasties in China, classical chinese, meaning 'Perpetual Peace'.The glory of Chang'an came to an end in 24 CE with the collapse of the dynasty.
Chang'an was revived as the capital city in the 4th century CE, a centre of Buddhist learning. Several important Buddhist pilgrims and translators resided there in the early 5th century, among them Faxian, who travelled to India, and the scholar Kumarajiva. Following the accession of the Sui Dynasty in 581 CE, the first Sui Emperor decided to move the capital, and built an entirely new city just south of the original, on the exact location of modern Xi’an.
Phoenicia : The Alphabet was invented in the early second millennium BCE which, spread across the Mediterranean world in the first millennium BCE. Phoenicians, also famous for skilled shipbuilding.
Babylonia : 6th Century BCE, the first circular MAP Babylonian called 'Bitter River' written on a clay tablet, The British Museum.
Egypt : Egyptians, 3000 BCE, Rushlights, Torches, soaking, dried Plinth, Rush Plant, melted fat.
THE MUSEUM HOTEL (Antioch), Hatay Province. Building safe from earthquake, 6th February, 2023 7.8 Mw.
Centuries Later, Still Preserved Today, 10 year project, over 27 feet below ground level, 4 acres of Antioch ( City of Antioch 1,100 acres, where The Soapmakers made history), excavating, authenticity preserved, still today.
30,000 objects dating back to the 3rd Century BCE : The Necmi Asfuroğlu Archaeology Museum, Hatay Archaeology Museum overlooking Mt. Silpius. Peter digs the foundation of the first church, St Pierre, Mt. Staurin, Antioch (Unesco Tentative Listing). His missionaries were his imperative, suffering martyrdom under Emperor Nero, Rome : The Marble Roman Forum, public meeting place 9000 sq ft, The Pegasus mosaic, 160 shades of plant dyed stone, Frescoes of Apollo and Nine Muses 2nd century CE, Eros : marble statue 200 CE, World's largest single floor Mosaic 11,302 sq ft, observing its undulating flow, subsidence, earthquakes 4th Century CE, Wildlife Mosaic 5th Century CE, Roman Baths 5th Century CE and stone surfaced Roman Road 64 BCE Antioch, preserved authenticity, still today.Mosaics, columns and walls of ancient Antioch, the third largest City of The Roman Empire after Rome and Alexandria, favoured by The Emperors, third century CE, The Imperial Palace residence of Queen Zenobia (Antiochia, the preference of Queen Zenobia, just a short walk from the Soapmakers), Queen of Palmyra Empire, Queen of Syria, Queen of Egypt, ruler of one third of The Roman Empire (6 years, loved by her people), declaring ancestry with Cleopatra, educated in Greek, Latin, Egyptian (fluent) and Aramaic, defeated by Emperor Aurelius, perhaps chained in gold chains, treated with humility but, paraded in Rome for a life in Tivoli, where perhaps, she re-married and died 34 years old, 4 children. However, Queen Zenobia was highly educated and it is a thought that she must have worked out that a romantic relationship with Emperor Aurelius would have completed the dream of Cleopatra. Perhaps one day the real truth will come out.
Chariot history of The Roman Republic : races featured four colour-themed teams, Reds, Whites, Greens, Blues, each attracting fanatical support. 6th century Antioch, Greens had incorporated the Reds and Whites absorbed into Blues. Obsession with racing turned Antiochenes either Green or Blue, the obligatory riots ensued, as they struggled for supremacy. Historian Malalas, mentions disturbances in the reign of Anastasius. An uprising by Greens faction was put down 494 CE. Even Procopius, was compelled to flee, as the Green faction prevailed.
ANTIOCH, the centre of literature, the royal library (built by the Seleucid Empire 323 BCE and later, 223 BCE under the direction of grammarian, poet Euphorion of Chalcis), theatre, temples, public squares, baths, palatial homes, churches, aqueducts (Hadrian's finest work). Herod the Great became King in 37 BCE ruling Judaea for 33 years, as a client of Rome. His generosity towards Antioch (he's appalling guilt, jealousy, entirely possible that King Herod was capable of the atrocity of children, as confirmed by Matthew thereafter, he had his wife Mariamme and three sons killed), where the muddy streets were replaced with polished marble and adorned with a Colonnaded Street for two and a half miles, together with a Stoa erected along the east side of Antioch. Later, Emperor Tiberius builds Two long Colonnades, southwards towards Mt. Silpius. Theatre, Augustus Caesar, enlarged by Agrippa, Tiberius, Trajan, 1st Century BCE - 2nd Century CE. Amphitheatre, from the Greek word amphitheatron, spectators all around, on both sides, Julius Caesar 47 BCE. Hippodrome, Circus, adjacent to The Imperial Palace, 1638 feet long, 255 feet wide, chariot racing, 80,000 spectators, obelisk from Egypt, spina divides the course, 928 feet long, limestone blocks, donated by Quintius Marcius Rex proconsul of Cilicia 67 BCE.1400 Roman columns and porticoes for two and a half miles, The Colonnaded Street, the surface of Egyptian granite, ordered by Emperor Antoninus Pius 138-161 CE paving the great east to west artery wide enough to accommodate caravans, as the merchants passed through buying and selling, until 3 a.m. the abundance of mules, asses, camels, horses. Libanius, Antioch's celebrated Orator 314-393 CE 'Indeed, if a man had the idea of travelling all over the earth, not to see how cities looked, but to learn their ways, our City would fulfil his purpose and save him his journeying. If he sits in our market place he will sample every city, there will be so many from each place with whom he can talk. The City loves the virtues of those who come to it exactly as it does the virtues of its children, imitating the Athenians in this also'. The one thousand, one hundred acre Roman City illuminated at night for more than 800 years. The romantic magnet for scholars, writers, philosophers. Antioch, 64 BCE a Roman Province. Antioch, where The Silk Route 2nd Century BCE, on The Mediterranean waters ended.
Impression of Antioch Theatre, Augustus Caesar, enlarged by Agrippa, Tiberius, Trajan, 1st Century BCE - 2nd Century CE.40 CENTURIES OF SOAPMAKING, used by The Emperors, Kings, Queens, Princesses, Pharaohs and the wealthy for two thousand years before The Silk Route opened, centuries later, still handmade today. Awakening the activity, The Near East, more untold than we thought.
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA : continuing the ethical and sustainable ethos, the culture and spirit of the first Soapmakers of the world remarkably, 40 centuries later, still handmade today from the original historical areas whilst supporting their families.
The Silk Route 2nd Century BCE Chang'an - Antioch on the Mediterranean waters, 4025 miles.
Nablus, first pressed olive oil, olive groves of 5000 years, still today.
NablusNABLUS PALESTINE,THE FERTILE CRESCENT, (the preference of Elizabeth 1), Nablus Soap, remarkably, from the same historical area since the 10th century CE. The world's most ancient olive groves (five thousand years, still today), a Unesco World Heritage Site, Central Highland area of Nablus, Battir to Hebron, seven natural springs, 63 BCE, The Roman Empire (10th legion) channels and pools irrigate, centuries later, still worked today, continuing making history.
Jacob's Well, located at the entrance of Nablus. Jacob, on his return from Mesopotamia, bought a plot of land from Hanor on which he pitched his tent and dug a deep well for himself, his children and his flocks. Followers of Jesus say that it was at this well that Jesus met the woman from Samaria and asked her for water to drink, the well has been a pilgrimage still today, Nablus, Palestine, The Holy Land.
9,000 years, it was mentioned in the Bible as Shechem with the names of Abraham, Joseph, Jacob. Neapolis, the New City named in 72 CE by The Flavian Emperors 69 CE-96 CE, the modern name of Nablus is a corruption of the Greek name Neapolis. 2nd Century, Emperor Hadrian builds an impressive Theatre in Neapolis seating 7,000. Always the home of The Samaritan's, still today, meaning a person who is generous in helping those in distress, Old Town of Nablus, Unesco Tentative Listing.
The Great Theatre of Ephesus, leading down to the waters edge, seating up to 25,000, enlarged by The Roman Empire 1st Century CE, where Paul preached. Lysimachus, is credited with the building of the theatre in Hellenistic times, 60 years of digging into the mountainside, Unesco World Heritage Site.
The Silk Route 138 BCE Chang'an - Antioch on the Mediterranean waters, 4025 miles, Han Dynasty's Emperor Wu Di sends explorer Zhang Qian, as diplomat, envoy, to the West opening The Silk Route. Antioch : Seleucid Empire 323 - 64 BCE The Roman Empire.
The seven Women of The Ancient World, Kubaba, the only Queen of The Sumerians, Queen Pu-abi, 111 period, Enheduanna, Poet, Priestess, Queen Cleopatra, Queen Zenobia, Empress Theodora, Pharaoh Hatshepsut, a thousand years after The Pyramids, Queen Hatshepsut (Hat-shep-soot) became Pharaoh, considered the most successful of all Pharaohs reigned 21 years, died 1458 BCE, Priestesses, ruling City States, 'Ensi', Troy, Pergamum, Ephesus, Mt. Koressos, The House of Mary, Unesco World Heritage Sites, Lydia, Caravans of Camels loaded with Jewels, Spices, from Cappadocia, Persia, India, Arabia, Persian Sogdian Traders travelled and spoke the language of Sogdiana for hundreds of years from Chang'an (perpetual peace), Antioch, 138 BCE, Sumerians, first Astronomers to Map the Stars into different constellations.
Historians : Dismissed Oil in Soap, as a luxury too far and most could never have afforded it so, Oil and Strigil was the explanation; if they only knew it was the greatest medical discovery in human history, still today.
THE CHILDREN IN THE CLOUDS, WHERE TIME BEGAN. SOCRATES TAUGHT PLATO, PLATO TAUGHT ARISTOTLE, ARISTOTLE TAUGHT ALEXANDER THE GREAT. SUMERIANS, BABYLONIANS, EGYPTIANS, ASSYRIANS, GREEKS, ROMANS, AKKADIANS, CHINESE. TIGRIS, EUPHRATES CROSSES TRUE DESERT. THE RISE OF THE FIRST SOPHISTICATED CIVILISATION.HOW DOES A MOMENT LAST FOREVER ? CHILDREN, PARENTS, GRANNY, GRAMPS ! TELLING THE STORY OF WHERE TIME BEGAN MAPS, SKETCHES, WATER COLOURS, QUIZ. COMING SOON, IN COLOUR. GIVING US MORE THAN A MOMENT THAT LASTS FOREVER !
Umbra, latin, meaning shadow, The Egyptians invent The Umbrella to keep them out of the hot sun. Hieroglyphic drawings show parasols over their heads 3200 BCE.Assyrian Kings were the only users of Parasols, not their people.Assyrian relief : First known depiction of handshaking 9th century BCE. Assyrian King Shalmaneser 111, shaking hands with a Babylonian ruler sealing an alliance.
It was the mid 19th century that The Near East was about to be explored for Biblical reasons and then they discovered Sumer, then the narrative of The Near East and then Göbekli Tepe.
The Near East, Hellenistic Art, A Fusion of Greek, Near East Artistry, The Near East, more untold than we thought.
The Ancient World’s impressive culture and inventions : Sumerians, Babylonians, WHERE TIME BEGAN, where children of the world need to know. Sumerians : The concept of Time.
SUMERIANS : Implementing Clay, building cities, writing in Cuneiform on Clay Tablets influencing The Egyptians Heiroglyphics.
SUMERIANS : First, to measure Measurements in The Ancient World.
Every area of human knowledge was advanced within The Fertile Crescent : Science, Writing, Literature, Religion, Agriculture, Mathematics, Astronomy, Astrology, long distance Trade, Medical practices, domestication of Animals, Concept of Time. Without doubt, Irrigation was the panacea.
Rome : 753 BCE.
Rome was built on seven hills, known as 'The seven hills of Rome', Esquiline, Palatine, Aventine, Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Caelian.
Roman Road Making began 334 BCE, 53,000 miles of Roman Roads were built at the peak of The Empire, radiating from Rome connecting Empire.
476 CE End of The Roman Empire.
1453 CE End of Byzantine, Roman Empire.
The Silk Route : 4025 miles = 6471.61 Kilometres.
Searching for Cleopatra 6.2 miles out from The Ancient Port of Alexandria = 9.97 Kilometres. 43 feet below The Nile = 13.106 metres.
Pharos of Alexandria 393 feet high = 119.786 metres.
Date Palm trees 100 feet tall = 30.48 metres
Tigris : 1180 miles = 1899.026 Kilometres. Euphrates : 1740 miles = 2800.259 Kilometres.
Susa-Sardis : The Persian Royal Road, 1677 miles = 2698.87 Kilometres.
Babylon : 2605 acres = 1054.206098 hectare. Ishtar Gate : 6.5 miles outer walls = 10.461 Kilometres. 262 feet moat = 79.858 metres.164 feet end gate to end gate = 49.987 metres. 39 feet high wall sections = 11.887 metres. Gates 38 feet high = 11.582 metres. Ishtar Gate : Processional walls 50 feet high = 15.24 metres.
Etemenanki, also known as, Temple of Belus, Tower of Babel, 298 feet high = 90.83 metres.
Antioch : 1400 Roman columns 18 feet tall = 5.486 metres, for 2.5 miles = 4.023 Kilometres. Mosaics, 27 feet underground, next to Mt. Silpius = 8.23 metres. City of Antioch 1,100 acres = 445.154 hectares.
Imperial Palace, Antioch 1638 feet long = 499.262 metres, 255 feet wide = 77. 724 metres. Spina divides the course 928 feet long = 282.854 metres.Giza : 481 feet tall = 146.609 metres, 450 feet today = 137.16 metres, 2.5 tons = 2500 Kilograms. 31, Pyramids, deep water of The Nile, 39 miles long = 62.764 Kilometres. 656-2296 feet wide = 199.949 metres - 699.821 metres.
Roman Road making 53,000 miles = 85295.232 Kilometres.
Temple of Artemis : 150 feet wide = 45.72 metres. 300 feet long = 91.44 metres. Halicarnassus : 148 feet high = 45.11 metres.
Shulgi of UR : 155 mile Road = 249.448 Kilometres. Nippur to UR 100 miles = 160.934 Kilometres.
Natron 75 feet below sea level = 22.86 metres. 125 feet below The Nile = 38.1 metres.
Emperor Anastasius, Roman Fortress 114 feet tall = 34.747 metres.
Pharaoh Hatshepsut, Obelisk at Karnak, red, pink granite stone, 93 feet tall = 28.346 metres.
The Marble Roman Forum, public meeting place 9000 sq ft, = 836.127 sq metres.
World's largest single floor Mosaic 11,302 sq ft, = 1049.99 sq metres, observing its undulating flow, subsidence,
The Terracotta Army :
The warriors are life-size, six feet tall = 1.829 metres. The sculptures weigh up to 600 pounds each = 272.155 Kilograms.8000 Terracotta statues spread over 21.6 square miles = 55.944 square Kilometres. __The medieval market place, WELLS, Wednesdays, Saturdays, surrounded by Wells Cathedral 1175, The Bishop's Palace 1210, The Moat of the Swans, 14 acres, partnered with RHS, of tranquil gardens, Vicars Close 1363, the oldest continuously occupied medieval street Europe, Flagstone Drawbridge, Portcullis, Ruined Great Hall, The Well Pools, Vaulted Undercroft, Long Gallery, Arboretum, England's smallest City. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA, for that original cultural gift : beautiful framed MAPS, BOOK : story of SILK, NEAR EAST, ALEXANDER the GREAT, ROMANS, GREEKS and 4000 years of SOAPMAKING, still today, silky, lasts for months, HISTORY in box.
Perhaps, upon reflection,THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.1. GIZA2. ARTEMIS3. THE NORTH WEST PALACE4. PHAROS OF ALEXANDRIA5. The Apādana Palace, PERSEPOLIS6. MARDIN7. THE ANTIOCH MARKET
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BOOK : THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST, short stories, maps, sketches, photographs, in colour, Where Time Began, still today, click store and scroll.
Antiochia
Mardin
WHERE DID ZERO COME FROM ?
The Bakhshali manuscript was found in 1881, buried in a field in a village called Bakhshali, near Peshawar, It was found by a local farmer and was acquired by the Indologist AFR Hoernle, who presented it to the Bodleian Library in 1902, where it has been kept since.
The origin of the symbol zero has long been one of the world’s greatest mathematical mysteries. Carbon dating research commissioned by the University of Oxford’s Bodleian Libraries into the ancient Indian Bakhshali manuscript, has revealed it to be hundreds of years older than initially thought, making it the world’s oldest recorded origin of the zero symbol that we use today.The surprising results of the first ever radiocarbon dating conducted on the Bakhshali manuscript, a seminal mathematical text which, contains hundreds of zeroes, reveal that it dates from as early the 3rd century CE.
While the use of zero as a placeholder was seen in several different ancient cultures, such as, the Babylonians, the symbol in the Bakhshali manuscript is particularly significant for two reasons. Firstly, it is this dot that evolved to have a hollow centre and became the symbol that we use as zero today. Secondly, it was only in India that this zero developed into a number in its own right, hence creating the concept and the number zero that we understand today. 628 CE, centuries after the Bakhshali manuscript was produced, Indian astronomer and mathematician Brahmagupta wrote a text called Brahmasphutasiddhanta, which was the first document to discuss zero as a number.THE NEAR EAST, THE FERTILE CRESCENT, ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA, CONTINUING HISTORY, STILL TODAY, CLEOPATRA, DIGGING 43 FEET BELOW THE MEDITERRANEAN !
Kathleen Martinez, archaeologist, who has been searching for 20 years, Ancient Taposiris Magna Temple, 2000 acre site, west of Alexandria, her current findings : The discovery of an intact tomb at Taposiris Magna, giving confidence of finding Cleopatra, two mummies of high status that would have been decorated in gold leaf, proving that they were society people, Robert Ballard, discoverer of Titanic, Ocean Exploration Trust has been asked by Kathleen to assist, blockage in the tunnel has resulted with a mapping of Alexandria's seashore, resulting in finding a submerged Port, now, Divers and The Egyptian Navy are investigating. The Vespasianus-Titus Tunnel (The Dam), 1st century CE, Antoninus Pius completes, 2nd century CE, 10th legion engineers, more than three quarters of a mile digging into The Nur Mountains, the longest handmade dug tunnel in history preserved authenticity, without damage, still today, celebrated theatres of The Near East, Aspendos Theatre, Pamphylia, famous for The Hydraulic Siphons, bringing in water to the city, over the tallest Aqueducts, Peter digs the foundation of the first church, Mount Staurin, Antioch, still today, The Pergamums developed Leather, as writing material, Parchment was implemented, the word Parchment evolved, via the latin pergamenum and the french Parchemin, from the name of the city of Pergamum, Persian Sogdian Traders travelled on The Silk Route and spoke the language of Sogdiana for more than 800 years from Chang'an, meaning perpetual peace, Han Dynasty, Samarkand to Antioch, The Roman Empire, the end of The Bronze Age, 1276 BCE, The Sea People, on the southern plain of The Meditterranean Sea, an area afterwards know as Phillista, the whole of the area was referred to as Canaan, Mesopotamian texts and trade records found at Ebla, Mari, 18th century BCE, On Calculation with Hindu Numerals, The Compendious Book, calculation by completion and balancing, Al-jabr, latinised Algebra, Al-Khwarizmi 830 CE, solving each type of equation, quadratic formula, a numerical example, proof of each example, which is a geometrical, completing the square, calculation by completion and balancing, an abstract mathematical language, used across the world, still today, he did not use Symbols, he manipulated Algebraic expressions in their own right, rather than thinking of the numbers they represent, 1861, George Smith, the translator of Clay Tablets, admired by The British Museum who realised his knowledge and invited him to assemble Tablets, Dr.Stephanie Dalley, Assyriologist, now retired, The Professor, Author of 'The Mystery of The Hanging Garden of Babylon', ends the story of The Hanging Garden Classical Account.
The Ancient Near East : Antioch, The Roman City, 1400 Roman columns, two and a half miles, illuminated each night for 800 years, vegetable oil filled lamps hung on each column until 3 a.m. where the voices of people was heard in Latin & Greek. Mardin : The Persian border, The Ochre Sunset, overlooking The Plains of Ancient Mesopotamia, 121 miles from Göbekli Tepe, Upper Mesopotamia, where humans have existed for 11,500 years,115 centuries.The First Farmers of The Ancient World, Unesco World Heritage Site, 6000 years before Stonehenge, 7000 years before The Pyramids. Silk : 2640 BCE, By Chance, the best kept secret in China. Silk : The inner part of a Cocoon is a continuous Strand of a Fine Silk that can measure 2952 feet, entwined with 14 others provides the Silken Thread to be woven into Silk Cloth. Porcelain (East Han Dynasty), Gunpowder, Paper, Printing, Compass. The Roman Empire made it as far as The Gobi Desert, Liqian, Gansu Provence, Qilian Mountains; The Curly Hair, Straight Noses, Light Coloured Eyes, still today. The importance of Palestine, established 1276 BCE, forgotten today. Persepolis (The City of The Persians), Horses from The Royal Stables, The King's Pirradazis, system of circulation of royal decrees. Libraries : Celsus, Ephesus 117 CE, 12,000 Scrolls. Library of Alexandria 247 BCE 400,000 Scrolls. Theatres : Where Time Began : The Story of Silk, implemented by chance, The First Moisturiser of The Ancient World, Queen Zenobia, Cleopatra, Elizabeth 1, Assyrian Queens, Pharaohs, Papyrus, called tjufy by The Pharaohs where The Romans 500 BCE first rolled Papyrus into little cylinders called Candalae, The Story of The Libraries, Scrolls, Parchment, Theatres, Dams, Canals, Aqueducts and Bronze Water Raising Screw, sent water 50 miles from the mountains into the heavenly gardens of Nineveh, date palm tree is an early reference to the Archimedes Screw, as the trunk of a date palm often grows with spirally protrusions similar in shape to an Archimedes Screw, Assyrians, four centuries before Archimedes, Sennacherib (grandfather) : First Hydraulic Engineer of The Ancient World, 500 years before The Romans built Aqueducts, Peter digs the foundation of The First Church, Mt. Staurin, Antioch, still today. Babylonians : The Stele 282 Laws, a vertical diorite Stone Monument, Musée du Louvre. Trigonometric Table, Clay Tablets, 1000 years before Pythagora's Theorem. Socrates taught Plato, Plato taught Aristotle, Aristotle, taught Alexander The Systematic Disciplines. Socrates, 'Wisdom begins in Wonder' !
The sophisticated City, 1400 Roman columns and porticoes lined the colonnaded street for two and a half miles. Shopkeepers trading below each column would use their vegetable oil filled lamps each night until 3 a.m. to light up The Colonnaded Street for more than 800 years, Antioch Market, Antioch, where the voices of people was heard in Latin & Greek. The Third largest City of The Roman Empire on The Mediterranean waters.
Incredible to think that Queen Cleopatra, Queen Zenobia, Kings, Queens, even Pharaohs and all Aristocracy must of all wanted to have visited The Antioch Market, where The Silk Route ended. Just think, a market lit-up each night for 800 years 1,400 Roman Columns, 18 feet tall, each Column with its own vegetable oil filled lamp, open 7 days a week until 3 a.m. A market, two and a half times the size of Oxford Street. It must have been the talk of The Ancient World !
Hedonistic Antioch, 'Queen of the East' of the known Ancient World, the City of up to 500,000 people (115 CE), patrolled by Roman Legionaries, where residents used their oil filled lamps outside their homes (where rich houses were almost always three stories) increasing the illumination of the City at night, Hellenistic art, a Fusion of Greek, Near East Artistry.
Perhaps, an argument for The Antioch Market, should have been a contender as one of The Seven Wonders of The Ancient World.
BEESWAX CANDLES introduced by The Romans. One hour taper candles with Egyptian, Indian cotton wicks releasing negative ions, purifying the air, negative ions attached to positive ions eliminates common allergens. The Roman Generals were always full of respiratory issues knowing that they could have dinner for one hour with their body relaxed to normal times, unbleached cotton, keeping the wick short, no smoke, used by Byzantium Churches and the wealthy, Antioch,1st century CE.
500 BCE, The Romans first rolled Papyrus into little cylinders they called Candalae.
A Little Candalae History :
Egyptians, 3000 BCE, Rushlights, Torches, soaking, dried Plinth, Rush Plant, melted fat.
Romans, 500 BCE, first : wicked Candles, spills, silvers of wood, twisted Papyrus, lit by a tinder.
Qin Dynasty, 200 BCE, rolled rice paper burned in wax, crushed insects, seeds.
India, wax, made from boiling cinnamon tree, fruit.
Stimulates limbic system, memory, emotion : serotonin, dopamine producers that good mood, cleaver Candalae.
Nablus
The only illuminated City of The Roman Empire, Antioch. Libanius, 'People of Antioch were sleeping on the roofs, where the summer breeze would gently stir the garments of the sleepers.' Babylon, King Hammurabi, 17 million fired bricks building The Temple of Etemenanki, 298 feet high, Nebuchadnezzer 11, took 43 years completing restorations. Discovery of an intact tomb at Taposiris Magna giving confidence of finding Queen Cleopatra, still today, two mummies of high status that would have been decorated in gold leaf.1500 BCE Egyptians invent The Sundial. The heavily guarded Persian Royal Road, 1677 miles, 111 Caravanserai. Göbekli Tepe, Upper Mesopotamia, 11,500 years, 6000 years before stonehenge, 7000 before The Pyramids, Oldest Bridge in The Ancient World, still today, The lost Palace, Temple of The Kings of Girsu. The Pegasus Mosaic, 160 shades of plant dyed stone, 2nd century CE, Antioch, 27 feet below ground level, adjacent Mt. Silpius. 85% of Babylon still remains unexcavated. 70% of UR, still remains unexcavated, Persians (Asbab) Windmills, Sumerians 25 Ziggurats, Egyptians 100 Pyramids.
PLEASE NOTE : Antiochia, is now without Master Stamp, due to Master Stamps being lost in the Earthquake 6th February 2023.
Mardin located on The Silk Route, The Persian Royal Road, the oldest City in Upper Mesopotamia, 40 centuries of Soapmaking, still making history, still today.
The Silk Route 2nd Century BCE Chang'an, Capital of China, Han Dynasty-Antioch, The Near East, The Roman Empire.
THE LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA, perhaps 400,000 Scrolls !
Impression of The Alexandrian Museum, The Research Institute Library, Museum 247 BCE Ptolemy 1 Soter, instructs Demetrius of Phalerum, a Politician, Scholar, Orator, from Athena to build.
THE LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA the innovation of Ptolemy 1 Soter which, became the jewel of The Ancient World, perhaps 400,000 papyrus scrolls. A second library was at The Temple of Serapis, south east of Alexandria, Greek writer Callimachus 305-240 BCE observed 42,800 scrolls which, were copies of the scrolls at the The Alexandria Museum, Library. Ephesus, Celsus Library housing 12,000 Papyrus scrolls, where respect for Greek Culture was unstoppable. Earlier, The Library of Pergamum, 200,000 scrolls, 2nd century BCE was having polemic moments with the Egyptian Ptolemaic dynasty, due to shortage of papyrus, possibly, due to invasions of Egypt by Antiochus 1V Epihanes or, supply out stripping demand. Mark Antony bequeathed The Pergamum collection to Queen Cleopatra. When Alexander the Great died in 323 BCE, his empire stretching from Macedon to the western border of India was divided into three dynasties: Antigonids, Seleucids, and Ptolemies. All of the kings of Macedonia competed to become the commander’s rightful successor. The struggle for royal supremacy spilled into scholarship and preservation of Greek culture, giving way to a new wave of elaborate libraries.The Egyptian Ptolemaic dynasty stopped shipments of papyrus (called tjufy by the Pharaohs) to Pergamum. Although stretched leather was discovered previously in the east, The Pergamum's developed leather and parchment (the skin of sheep, goats), as writing material, sending Parchment to Rome. The word parchment evolved (via the Latin pergamenum and the French parchemin) from the name of the City of Pergamum.
However, Egyptian 4th Dynasty, texts found of Parchment and Vellum (calf skin) and even Babylonians, Assyrians, Jews wrote on Parchment.
February 6th, 2023 7.8 Mw , Göbekli Tepe safe.
Göbekli Tepe, Upper Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia, The Germuș Mountains pre-dates Stonehenge by 6000 years, 7000 years before The Egyptians built Pyramids, first people of Upper Mesopotamia, 11,500 years ago, 115 centuries. Dated 9600 - 8200 BCE pre pottery Neolithic : Monuments, Limestone T - shaped pillars 18 feet tall, carved with images of wild animals, used for social events, rictuals, funerals. The local origin of the stone is attested by Neolithic quarrying activities and workshop areas which have been identified on the adjacent plateau. The archaeological site of Göbekli Tepe is covered by steppe-like vegetation with grass and low shrubs, with a lone Mulberry tree (Wish Tree) on top of the mound dominating the scene, at least 12 other hilltop sites have now been investigated, discovering residences, discovering stone grinding, processing grains and vegetables, Unesco World Heritage Site, Göbekli Tepe, Upper Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia, The Şanlıurfa Archaeology and Mosaic Museum, 2 hours 54 minutes from Mardin, 121 miles and 7 hours 30 minutes from Nineveh, 332 miles by road travel.
Update : Göbekli Tepe, Mesolithic Temple, Stone Tools, limestone, grinding stones, hammer stones, processing grain, cooking porridge & brewing beer. Clearing work continues on the second layer, Tas Tepeler Project, 11,000 year old Sefer Tepe. The beginning of settlements in groups of 40 people. 24 miles from Göbekli Tepe, Karahan Tepe similar findings 266 T-shaped pillars and further statues. Stone Hills Project, Taş Tepeler Projesi further statues discovered.
Assyrian relief carving from Nimrud. Unexplained Telepathy; 3 handbags, the earliest depiction of this motif Göbekli Tepe, Upper Mesopotamia, a Unesco World Heritage Site : Sumerian handbags, Olmec handbags, Maori handbags, Egyptian handbags, Indian handbags, stone art handbags from the Americas, Australia and 3 handbags at Göbekli Tepe, Upper Mesopotamia, Unexplained Telepathy, a Unesco World Heritage Site or, supernatural spirits, holding a cone and bucket. The cone is described in Assyrian texts as purifier, purifying the gateway they guard. Liquid, a bucket of water ? keeping out the forces of chaos.
Hipparchus gives us Longitude, Latitude, Assyrians, Nineveh, Medical Encyclopaedia, 2,600 year old Handbook, thousands of descriptions, diseases, Pharaoh Hatshepsut, the Woman Pharaoh, giving 21 years of Peace, Ignatius, 2nd century CE, Bishop of Antioch, The Letter Writer, Priestesses who governed each City of Sumer known as Ensi, clever Sumerians more than 40 things, still today, we take for granted, Oil in Soap, the greatest Medical discovery in human history, still today, Sumerians gave us Cuneiform, 12 years to learn, Egyptians gave us Hieroglyphics, 4 years to learn, they also implemented Papyrus Reed : Writing, Painting, Rope, Reed Boats, Sandals, Baskets and The Sundial, Pergamum's, developed Leather and Parchment, the skin of sheep, goats for Writing material. The dry climate : Persians invent Qanats, underground tunnels bringing water from the mountains, keeping the water cool from the blistering heat, Asbad (Windmill) 65 feet tall, 644 CE, a thousand years, south east Persia, Sistan, Baluchistan Provence, still seen today in Nashtifan, built of clay, wood, straw, horizontal drag force, moving turbines, turning the central mast, 120 day winds, Nish Toofan (storm's sting), grinding stones in a room below pressing grain into flour, even refrigeration, rudimentary air conditioning. However, Historians say a Greek, Tesibius probably invented Windmills, who lived 285-222 BCE, but, He invented Compressed Air, Pumps, Elasticity of Air on Pneumatics, the Pipe Organ (Hydraulis), on which The Piano was later based but, The Persians were pressing grain into flour ?
Incredible that The Piano was implemented in Ancient History Times by Inventor, Greek, Tesibius and thereafter, Cristofori completed 1700.
The Pianoforte :The Piano is a descendant of The Monochord, Dulcimer, Harpsichord, Clavichord.'Clavicembalo col piano e forte’ , Harpsichord playing soft and loud noises.An instrument resembling a harpsichord, newly invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori :hammers, dampers, two keyboards, and a range of fouroctaves, C–c, in1700.Five pianos purchased by Queen Maria Braganza of Spain.Giovanni Ferrini was a pupil of Cristofori’s. He was also a Composer.Tesibius, invented The Pipe Organ (Hydraulis) 285-222 BCE, on which, the Piano was later based. The first Pianoforte by Cristofori is at The Met Museum !
'THE CHILDREN IN THE CLOUDS' BOOK COVER COMING SOON ! DO CHECK OUT A 100 QUESTION QUIZ ON CONTACT PAGE, GIVING US MORE THAN A MOMENT THAT LASTS FOREVER !
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'THE CHILDREN IN THE CLOUDS' :
Inda : ' Come on Mum, Dad, Granny, Gramps, let’s teach them Where Time Began : 60 Seconds, 60 Minutes, 360 Degrees, Adding, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Fractions, even Pi ! A Trigonometric Table, what ! Square Root ! What ! Quadratic Equation ! What ! Compound Interest ! WHAT !'
THE CHILDREN IN THE CLOUDS, WHERE TIME BEGAN. SOCRATES TAUGHT PLATO, PLATO TAUGHT ARISTOTLE, ARISTOTLE TAUGHT ALEXANDER THE GREAT. SUMERIANS, BABYLONIANS, EGYPTIANS, ASSYRIANS, GREEKS, ROMANS, AKKADIANS, CHINESE. TIGRIS, EUPHRATES CROSSES TRUE DESERT. THE RISE OF THE FIRST SOPHISTICATED CIVILISATION.HOW DOES A MOMENT LAST FOREVER ? CHILDREN, PARENTS, GRANNY, GRAMPS ! TELLING THE STORY OF WHERE TIME BEGAN MAPS, SKETCHES, WATER COLOURS, QUIZ. COMING SOON, IN COLOUR. GIVING US MORE THAN A MOMENT THAT LASTS FOREVER !
THE CHILDREN IN THE CLOUDS !
5400 BCE, High on the Plateau of Anatolia, where the clouds are at one with the Plateau, four children are in deep shock. A journey with their parents up from The Persian Gulf, up The Euphrates, 1740 miles, crosses true desert, a disaster beyond their imagination, with their parents drowning, floating away, the torrent flow of The Euphrates, where dreams are lost, but, at that moment power was gained, a gift of Clairvoyance ( beyond the senses ) was overcome by The Children using their knowledge to tell the story of The Ancient Near East. WHERE SHALL WE BEGIN : 'I’m Erin (abundant land) I'm 15, this is Lilla (oath of god) she is 14, Zara (radiance) she is 10, Inda (bump) is 9 ! 'Erin : 'Zara, Inda are warming up' : 'We both want to say that although she had much baggage, the finest Pharaoh was Queen Hatshepsut (Hat-Shep-Soot), who ruled Egypt for 21 years, she died 1458 BCE. She was a wonderful Pharaoh, assertive, rising above all issues, dealing with neighbours and her elite staff, giving peace to the people. Pharaoh, means 'Great House' The Palace where the Pharaoh resides.
And whats this clever Algebraic Mathematician Al-Khwarizmi, born Baghdad. He wrote two books 'On Calculation with Hindu Numerals', 'The Compendious Book', if you translate his name into latin 'Algorithm', clever clog ! the incredible Al-khwarizmi, Mathematician, Astronomer, Geographer ! The Sine Quadrant, invented by Al-Khwarizmi, used for Astronomical calculations, solving trigonometric issues. A prominent corner of the moon is named after Al-Khwarizmi.'
Lilla, Inda : 'The Ancient Near East, The Fertile Crescent, the best 9 Leaders, we have had to include the very determined number 10 ! We all think the Best, Kindest, Clever, Ruthless : 1.Sumerians, best, clever ! 2. Babylonians, best, clever ! 3. Pharaoh Hatshepsut (Hat-shep-soot) reigned 21 years, decent throughout her reign. 4. Seleucus Nicator 312-281 BCE, Alexander’s friend, Seleucus Nicator became King of the eastern provinces, reigned 24 years.The Seleucid Empire 323-64 BCE, always fair. 5. Queen Zenobia just loved by the people of Syria, Palmyra, Egypt reigned 6 years. 6. Alexandra the Great, reigned 12 years, 8 months, ruthless but, after conquering, always fair.
7. Darius 1, shahanshah, King of Kings reigned 36 years, 522-486 BCE, Incredible Administrator. 8. Cyrus the Great, reigned 29 years, a deeply generous Leader to all peoples. 9. Emperor Trajan reigned 19 years, ruthless, but, achieved The Expansion of The Roman Empire.10. Lysimachus who spent 60 years digging into the mountains, Ephesus Theatre, gosh, World Heritage Site.'
Inda : 'I've just remembered my backache, Lilla, I have just thought how I am going to remember to say and spell 'Pharaoh Hatshepsut’.If I put together the top hat of a woman Pharaoh, then sheep in my thoughts and a young boy with soot all over his face ! Ah ! You get Hat-shep-soot ! Let’s call Tjufy, ! Toofy, what The Pharaoh’s called Papyrus 3000 BCE, Egyptians gave us Hieroglyphics, 4 years to learn, they also implemented Papyrus Reed : Writing, Painting, Rope, Reed Boats, Sandals, Baskets. They really could't spell Papyrus ! Tjufy was convenient ! but, how to say, let alone how to spell ! Ah ! Toofy ! for Tjufy ! and in my thoughts a horrible mouth of bad teeth ! Yuk. Good teacher work for Parents, Grandparents ! ah, okay !'
Erin : 'So, we are off on our travels, my donkey ‘Jack’, Lilla's ‘Jenny’, Zara's ‘Molly’ and Inda’s ‘Jackass,’ Inda : 'gosh, he’s funny Erin, good choice !' 'Erin : 'So, we are off to Ancient Mesopotamia but, we must follow the map its says Troy, Pergamum, Ephesus, Mt. Koressos, The House of Mary, Lydia, all World Heritage Sites, wow !.'Erin : 'There it is, Troy, Ancient City, 4000 years, The Trojan war and over there the impression of the enormous Trojan Horse ! Wow ! 1868 Achaeologist Schliemannfinds evidence of Troy, Trojan War, The Mythical King Priam.3000 years, Ancient Greek Poet Homer told the story of the ill-fated city of Troy, the great Trojan War in his powerful epic, The IIiad, the mythical tale of love, war, capturing imaginations.'Erin : ‘Hello, are you here to see the incredible Troy ?'Dafni : ‘Yes, my name is Dafni, it means Laurel in Greek.'Erin : ‘May I introduce my sisters Lilla, Zara, Inda'. ‘Hello’, ‘Hello’, ‘Hello !'Lilla : ‘How wonderful that you want to learn.'Dafni : ‘Yes, thank you, I ‘m trying to write the history of The Fertile Crescent.'Lilla : ‘Perhaps we could help each other, if you joined us, as we have this gift, upon the death of our parents, to tell the story of The Ancient Near East.'Dafni : ‘Well yes, okay, if you tell me slowly I will put the story into text for all to understand.'Erin : ‘Wow ! This is great, such a weight off my mind.'Zara : ‘So it’s Pergamum next.'Inda : 'Dafni, whats your donkey’s name ?'Dafni : 'Calista, it means most beautiful.'Inda : 'Oh ! I really like it.'Erin : ‘Then it’s Pergamum, here we come !'Lilla : 'Wow ! Pergamum, just a beautiful wealthy City, aristocracy, Greeks, Romans doing their shopping, The Pergamum library 200,000 scrolls, given by Antony to Cleopatra, The home of Galen, the Physician, Architect Father, Physician to 3 Roman Emperors and The Gladiator School, he discovered Urine was formed in the kidneys
and Arteries carried blood, the Pergamum’s implement Leather and Parchment (the skin of sheep, goats), as writing material, due to Papyrus (called tjufy by The Pharaohs) being stopped from shipping from Egypt to Pergamum by The Ptolemies because of cultural one-upmanship.'Inda : 'Yuk ! too much information.'
Lilla : 'Shall we go and see The Gladiators, it could be real history !'
Erin : 'So, is it a nod from everyone to go, I think it is !'
Erin : 'Hello Gladiator, would it be possible to see you fight, my names Erin !'
Gladiator : 'I’m Cicero, it means ‘chickpea.'
Inda : 'I can’t stop laughing ! Your so, so big, ‘chickpea’ eh !'
Cicero : Smiles and smiles ! 'Attilius, lets fight !'
Zara : 'Wow ! It’s so ferocious !'
Dafni : 'My goodness, blood is spurting my way !'
Zara : 'Yes and mine !'
Inda : 'I demand this to stop, please !'
Cicero : 'Okay, enough Attilius stop knocking 6 bells out of me !'
Inda : Belly laughs !
Lilla : 'We have got to go, thank you Gladiators, see you in Rome sometime !'Inda : 'And don't forget the new History from, is it Professor Dan Snow, or, it should be, his findings : Roman Gladiators wore head gear that could never be worn on the battle field, too clumsy ! plus the fact you would not be able to find your enemy ! Gladiators were showmen and there were Women Gladiators too, at The Colosseum and every woman fancied the good looking Gladiators !'Erin : 'Okay all, shall we beat a path to that famous City of Ephesus, it is just down there by the glistening Sea, is Jackass behaving Inda ?'Inda : 'As good as gold, maybe I've invented a saying, wow !'Zara : 'Wow ! Just amazing, look The Temple of Artemis 550 BCE, built of solid marble, considered number one of The Seven Wonders of The Ancient World, the remains are in The British Museum. What a gorgeous place to shop, if you are aristocracy.Oh ! I love the Sea, just a beautiful day. Let’s go see Celsus, the incredible Library,12.000 scrolls, 117 AD, Four Statutes, representing ‘Wisdom’, ‘Virtue’, ‘Intelligence’, ‘Knowledge’, still standing, Unesco World Heritage Site.'Dafni : 'Let me lead the way Erin, to The House of Mary, Mt. Koressos, as I have been there before with Callista.'Zara: 'Such a beautiful area, the sea is glistening and Mt. Koressos is imposing, as we climb towards The House, passing tangerine, pomegranate, olive trees. It is told that Apostle John accompanied Mary to the location and House, World Heritage Site.'Lilla : 'Incredible peacefulness around here !'Lilla : 'Dafni, it would be wonderful if you can tell the incredible story of The Sumerians.'Dafni : 'Yes of course, they really were learned, radiating their cleverness to all.'Lilla : 'Wow Dafni, that was a full insight into the lives of The Sumerians, lets settle for the night having now just arrived in Antioch.'Erin: 'What a City 1,100 acres, Antioch, three rivers, Orontes, Phyrminus, Parmenios, Royal Library, Public Squares, Theatre, Temples, Baths, Palatial Homes, Amphitheatre, The Aristocracy, Greeks, Romans,
The Colonnaded Street for shopping, two and a half miles open until 3 a.m. seven days a week, 800 years, 1400 columns, Porticoes, each column lit up with a vegetable oil filled lamp, Mt.Silpius, Mt.Staurin, where Peter dug the foundations of the First Church, Imperial Palace, Hipperdrome, Circus, 80,000 spectators, Emperor Tiberius adds Two long Colonnades, south towards Mt.Silpius, Egyptian Granite ordered by Emperor Antoninus Pius wide enough to accommodate Caravans, as Merchants pass by buying and selling, the abundance of Mules, Asses, Camels and Horses carrying goods from Cappadocia, Persia, India, Arabia and look over there The Sogdian Traders from Sogdiana arriving with Silk.'
Inda : 'Oh ! I really want a bath, dinner, and Theatre.'
Erin : 'Oh Inda, you wish !'
Zara : 'Dafni, have you noticed how all the donkeys give incredible respect to Calista they seem to really love her. They circle her to protect her. Calista seemed so happy today, while we journeyed to Antioch with I think a lovely smile and now they allow her to eat first, quite amazing, just lovely.'Next Morning !
Dafni : 'Goodmorning Calista, Oh my goodness, wake up please , Oh No, Calista has passed away in her sleep, she looks so peaceful, Oh my very best friend !.
Jack, Jenny, Molly, Jackass, rabbits, all appear to know, they have tears in their eyes.'Erin : 'So sad, we must take care to make immediate arrangements for her to rest outside the Walls, where we can all pay our respects and visit her when we can.'Dafni : 'Thank you so much Erin, that was so peaceful with all of us showing our respect to Calista.We can sit with her and talk whenever we pass by !.'Inda : 'I'm really missing Calista already, it really hurts ! Dafni, I forgot to ask you, who was the silly Pharaoh who got chased and killed by a Hippopotamus, he clearly didn't wear his glasses, gosh, I think I have invented glasses !'Dafni : 'His name was Narmer from the 1st dynasty, he united upper, lower Egypt.'Erin : 'Shall we all go and see The Foundations of The First Church at Mt.Staurin dug out by Peter, I think it will be thoughtful.'Zara: 'I am fascinated to stroll down The Colonnaded Street, two and half miles, all lit up at night.'Lilla : 'Oh yes, that sounds very good but, we must go as the dark arrives !.'Dafni : 'So much to see and do here in Antioch.'Erin : 'Dafni, you seem so detailed with your history, past and future, how do you do that.'Dafni : 'I believe, I have it from my Mother, she was a ‘Soothsayer’, a Visionary, telling the future and her knowledge of the past which, is called ‘Retrocognition’, which is ‘Hindsight', in latin it means ‘Retro’, meaning ‘Backward', and ‘Cognition', meaning ‘Knowing', 'thinking','reasoning', knowledge of a past which, could not have been learned or inferred by normal means, but, of course I am a historian who loves to tell history.'Erin : 'You tell a wonderful story Dafni, can you now tell us all about The History of Antioch !.'Dafni : 'Yes of course.'Erin : 'Gosh ! finally arrived in Aleppo, what a find ! come on everyone lets hit the Souk !'
Inda : 'Oh ! fancy a lapsang souchong Erin, Gosh ! this clairvoyance brings out the craziest things out of my mouth ! good name for it though, don't you think.'Erin : 'Whats that on your head Inda ? 'Inda : 'That's my sleep over bag ! I think i'll sleep with it on tonight !'Erin : 'Just wonderful Inda !'Erin : 'Well we had better get some food and after we must travel on to Mardin on The Silk Route.'
Inda : 'Goodness, Mardin, its just like a maze could we get lost, shall we call it hide and seek gosh ! that could be a good game ! look, it says over there Mardin 121 miles from Göbekli Tepe, Upper Mesopotamia,' (donkeys are all nodding NO ! NO !) belly laughs from all !Erin : 'We just can't stop laughing, it will send us all to bed happy ! 'Next morning.Zara : 'Lilla did you sleep ?,' ' just like a log, gosh ! I think I'm having the same problem with this clairvoyance as Inda . What an amazing City and when the sunlight shines on the City, the ochre sunset, its just beautiful, 4500 BCE ruled by so many right down to The Romans. Wakey, wakey everyone, gosh its happening again !, come on lets look around Mardin, overlooking The Plains of Mesopotamia, on The Persian Royal Road, The Silk Route.'Zara : 'Soapmakers on every corner we turn, all being handmade and look The Sogdian Traders from Sogdiana, north east Persia are getting ready to pack on the asses, donkey's, all the Soaps that are finished, ready for transfer to The Antioch Market.'Erin : ' Come on now everyone let's move because we have a long, long journey to Nablus, Palestine, where we will be able to see olive groves of 5,000 years that make the wonderful Nablus Soap that is then sent to Antioch Market. It is told, rumoured, that Francis Drake told Elizabeth 1 it was the finest olive oil in the world so, she brought them up to Hampton Court, Richmond Palace for the winter season every year ! 'Lilla : 'wow ! really special then.'Dafni : 'Look it's Jacobs Well, oh, water to drink for all ! so hot ! Jacob's Well, located at the entrance of Nablus. Jacob, on his return from Mesopotamia, bought a plot of land from Hanor on which he pitched his tent and dug a deep well for himself, his children and his flocks. Followers of Jesus say that it was at this well that Jesus met the woman from Samaria and asked her for water to drink, the well has been a pilgrimage still today, Nablus, Palestine, The Holy Land. Later we can go to the Upper Highland area where the olive groves are over 5000 years old. The area was irrigated by the 10th legion Roman engineers in 63 BCE and its still all working today, even a sluice gate ! 'Erin : 'First thing tomorrow though, we must make tracks for Egypt, Hatshepsut's Mortuary, should be incredible ! '
Erin : 'Egypt, The Mortuary, the best architecture in Egypt, at Thebes, Hatshepsut, The Pharaoh of Pharaohs.
Let’s all gather, as we need to talk. I have a plan upon our return to Sumer that we will build a School House
'The Ancient Civilisation School', Dafni has agreed to join us and hope you Lilla, Zara and of course Inda will
all join us.'
Lilla, Zara : 'Yes, Yes, that would be wonderful.'Inda : 'I am smelling methane gas and wow ! a Big Bang wow ! (this clairvoyance really works with words, I don’t know, where I get it from).'
Erin : 'Maybe it was one of the Donkeys, probably Jackass Inda.'
Inda : 'Oh, you mean I should not have given him greens last night.'
Erin : 'Close that door Inda' ?
Inda : 'We don’t have a door.' (everyone laughs )!
Erin : (laughing) 'I wish we did ! It would have been good timing to have had one ! ' (everyone laughing, pinching their noses) !Dafni : 'So much to see here in Egypt, the discovery of the 39 miles of the Nile, where tributaries lead to the construction of the 31 Pyramids, Sahara Desert. We must also discuss the oldest harbour at Wadi al Jarf, the pyramid stones were transported to the pyramids sites from the Red Sea to the tributaries of the Nile.The Egyptians built 100 Pyramids after realising from The Sumerians, quadratic equation of the triangle and cube. Oh ! what fun we are having ! 'Inda : 'The Fitzwillian Museum holds the seven-ton Sarcophagus, lid of Ramesses 111.'Lilla : ' wow ! sounds amazing !'Inda : 'yes, they have to hoover around it !'(Everyone laughs) !Dafni : 'On our way back to Sumer I will tell you all of the stories of The Fertile Crescent, The Near East, Ancient Mesopotamia WHERE TIME BEGAN, THE FIRST SOPHISTICATED CIVILISATION OF THE ANCIENT WORLD !'______'THE CHILDREN IN THE CLOUDS' Quiz ! see 'Contact' page for questions-answers 1-10051. Genesis : the source of the four tributaries Pishon, name the further three ?
52. Which is the longest Tigris, or Euphrates ?
53. What was the date The Sumerians discovered pure oil in Soaps ?
54. Babylonians Trigonometric Table housed in which University in New York ?
55. What was the name of the Assyriologist, Oxford University, who produced the evidence that The Hanging Garden Classical Account was inaccurate ?
56. Alexandria displayed an enormous fire each night for a thousand years. Name the site and place ?
57. Date The Silk Route opened Chang-an-Antioch ?
58. Still today, the oldest what ? The lost palace, The Kings of Girsu ?
59. What was the name of Elizabeth 1 very expensive Soap ?
60. There are 4 Unesco World Heritage Sites in Lydia, name them ?
61. Queen Zenobia ruled 3 countries, name them, while she lived at The Imperial Palace for 6 years ?
62. Gobekli Tepe, Mardin are located in which area of Ancient Mesopotamia ?
63. Robert Ballard discoverer of Titanic was invited to map The Ancient Port of which Egyptian province.
Nablus
Just a few of The StoryTellers - The Ancient Near East.
The Pegasus mosaic, 160 shades of plant dyed stone, Frescoes of Apollo and Nine Muses 2nd century CE, Antioch, authenticity preserved, still today, 27 feet below ground level, 4 acres of Antioch ( City of Antioch 1,100 acres, where the Soapmakers made history ). All mosaics, Caldarium, Tepidarium, Frigidarium below can be seen, still today, The Necmi Asfuroğlu Archaeology Museum, Hatay Archaeology Museum overlooking Mt. Silpius, 27 feet below ground level.
The Pegasus mosaic full photograph : Hesiod receiving his poetic inspiration from The Queen of Muses Calliope 2nd century CE, Antioch.
World's largest single floor Mosaic 11,302 sq ft, of different patterns, shades of colour, substantial Roman Villa, one large Roman floor mosaic, meeting place, observing its undulating flow, subsidence, earthquakes 4th Century CE, Antioch, overlooking Mt. Silpius, 27 feet below ground level.
Roman Villa mosaic 5th Century AD, Antioch.
Wildlife mosaic Roman Villa, 5th Century AD, Antioch.
Hot room (Caldarium) flowing warm water creating steam, warm and cold rooms (Tepidarium, Frigidarium) followed by exercise, massage and food 5th Century CE, Antioch.
Roman Villa mosaic 5th Century AD, Antioch.
Stone surfaced Roman Road Antioch, authenticity preserved, still today, 27 feet below ground level, 4 acres of Antioch ( City of Antioch 1,100 acres, where the Soapmakers made history), 64 BCE a Roman Province where a visitor was over-heard saying 'If you listen quietly you can hear their sandals on the stones'. The Necmi Asfuroğlu Archaeology Museum, Hatay Archaeology Museum overlooking Mt. Silpius.
Mardin, Upper Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia 4,500 BCE, the most preserved architecture in the world, Unesco Tentative Listing.
Mardin : The Persians, Assyrians and Romans allowed the Soaps to travel, the abundance of Pistachios favoured by Assyrian Queens and Princesses for their hair, the preference of King Charles 111, 40 centuries of soapmaking, still making history, still today.
Celebrated Theatres of The Near East Aspendos Theatre, Pamphylia, a rich City trading salt, oil, corn, wine, horses, Emperor Marcus Aurelius 160-180 CE, seating 7300-7600, Architect, Zenon, son of Theodorus, paid for by two very rich brothers, A Curtius Crispinus Arruntianus and A Curtius Crispinus, preserved authenticity, still today, remarkable antiquity, famous for the Hydraulic Siphons bringing in water to the City, the construction of the tallest Aqueducts, Unesco Tentative Listing.
Aspendos Theatre, Pamphylia
Breathtaking Palmyra Theatre, before destruction. Palmyra, the home of Queen Zenobia, an oasis in the Syrian dessert. The important link on The Silk Route, Unesco World Heritage Site, now continuing to stay on the 'The List of World Heritage in Danger'.
Aleppo
PLEASE NOTE : Antiochia, is now without Master Stamp, due to Master Stamps being lost in the Earthquake 6th February 2023 7.8 Mw !
Antiochia, Daphne : ancient Greek meaning laurel, spoken in Ancient Antioch.The Imperial Palace residence of Queen Zenobia, Antiochia, the preference of Queen Zenobia, just a short walk from the Soapmakers, Queen of Palmyra Empire, Queen of Syria, Queen of Egypt, ruler of one third of The Roman Empire (6 years, loved by her people). 40 centuries of soapmaking, still making history, still today.ANTIOCH : where the word Christianity began implemented by Peter and Paul who converted Gentiles to become Christians. Antioch the centre for the first Christians, the followers of Jesus. Antioch, the centre of the missionary of Paul. Peter digs the foundation of the first church Mount Staurin, Antioch (Unesco Tentative Listing), their missionaries were famous. They both suffered martyrdom under Emperor Nero, Rome.
Bible : Jeremiah 2.22, Malachi 3.2 Soap.
Nablus
Aleppo
Mardin : Laurel Berry, Pistachio oil 200g : Olive oil, Laurel Berry 180g.
Mardin
Aleppo
PLEASE NOTE : Antiochia, is now without Master Stamp, due to Master Stamps being lost in the Earthquake 6th February 2023 7.8 Mw !
That Special Gift : an original cultural gift. The Ancient Near East, Short Stories, Maps, Sketches, Photographs, Where Time Began, Antiochia : lasting 3-6 months, the first moisturiser of the world, leaving skin Silky, The Preference of Queen Zenobia 3rd century CE, Imperial Palace, still today. Book, Ancient Soap, Ancient History in box, Click Store and scroll.
The Silk Route, Chang'an 2nd Century BCE, capital of China, Han Dynasty observing thirty three listed names : capital cities, palaces, Khan Kingdoms, trading settlements, Buddist cave Temples, ancient paths, beacon towers, parts of The Great Wall, fortifications, religious buildings, Where The Silk Route Began, Chang'an - Tian-Shan Corridor a Unesco World Heritage Site.
Sumerians : 60 parts, Babylonians : 60 seconds, 60 minutes, WHERE TIME BEGAN, where children of the world need to know. Sumerians : The concept of Time.
The presence and importance of The Silk Route, 2nd Century BCE where oil in soaps travelled from MARDIN (near the Persian border), ALEPPO CITY and just a short distance from The Imperial Palace, ANTIOCH to be traded in Antioch Market, later in the 10th century CE, NABLUS soap from PALESTINE continued history at Antioch Market the finest first pressed olive oil from olive groves of 5000 years, still today.
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA : continuing the ethical and sustainable ethos, the culture and spirit of the first Soapmakers of the world remarkably, still handmade today from the original historical areas whilst supporting their families.
Continuing History : would make a fascinating 60 minute TV Documentary, StoryTeller, Maps, Sketches, Water Colours ! would make a fascinating story for BBC Radio 4 !
If you like a little Ancient History, a talk for your dinner party. Please enquire : info@ancientmesopotamiagifts.com
BOOK : SHORT STORIES, MAPS, SKETCHES & PHOTOGRAPHS. Please click store and scroll.
